Spectroscopy, microscopy

A study on the effectiveness of the E-plastomers as impact modifiers for iPP was carried out in relation to the traditional modifier EPDM. In this study, the flow properties of the E-plastomer-iPP and EPDM-PP blends were also evaluated. The blends were analyzed by solid-state 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, microscopy (SEM), and DSC. The results showed that E-plastomer-PP and EPDM-PP blends present a similar crystallization behavior, which resulted in a similar mechanical performance of the blends. However, the E-plastomer-PP blend presents lower torque values than the EPDM-PP blend, which indicates a better processibility when E-plastomer is used as an impact modifier for iPP. 

Characterization is an important field in catalysis. Spectroscopy, microscopy, diffraction and methods based on adsorption and desorption or bulk reactions (reduction, oxidation) all offer tools to investigate the nature of an active catalyst. With such knowledge we hope to understand catalysts better, so that we can improve them or even design new catalysts. 

Infrared spectroscopy/microscopy certainly is the primary method of choice when organic substances have to be identified. Sample preparation usually is simple for identification purposes, but will be an issue for imaging experiments, and spatial resolution may then well be only in the range of a few micrometers, depending on the used experimental approach (transmission, ATR). 

Catalysts may be metals, oxides, zeolites, sulfides, carbides, organometallic complexes, enzymes, etc. The principal properties of a catalyst are its activity, selectivity, and stability. Chemical promoters may be added to optimize the quality of a catalyst, while structural promoters improve the mechanical properties and stabilize the particles against sintering. As a result, catalysts may be quite complex. Moreover, the state of the catalytic surface often depends on the conditions under which it is used. Spectroscopy, microscopy, diffraction and reaction techniques offer tools to investigate what the active catalyst looks like. 

Vibrational microspectroscopy provides a unique means for molecular level structure characterization of a variety of biological processes associated with skin. For the past several years, this laboratory has utilized Raman and IR spectroscopy, microscopy, and imaging to monitor the biophysics of the skin barrier, mechanisms of drug permeation and metabolism in intact tissue, and, more recently, the complex events that transpire during wound healing in an ex vivo skin model [1-6]. 

No analytical method is perfect. Spectral interpretation is still difficult, and standard spectra databases are scarce. The issues of quantification, comparison with data collected by other methods, and scale up are important, especially in spectromi-croscopy studies. Radiation damage and sectioning artifacts can make analysis of susceptible samples difficult. The biggest obstacle to widespread use of NEXAFS spectroscopy, microscopy, and spectromicroscopy in environmental studies remains the extremely limited number of such instruments. Typically, each beamline allocation committee receives 2 or 3 times as many requests for time as is available. Studies, when granted, are usually for 2-5 days every 4-6 months. Thus, scientists have to be very selective about the types of questions and samples that they choose to examine using these techniques. Continued pressure and education from the scientific community will be needed to increase the number of beamlines suitable for NOM studies in the future, even as new synchrotron facilities are planned or built. 

Particle size Laser diffraction Coulter counter Photon correlation spectroscopy Microscopy Ro-Tap sieve analysis... 

Coupling FFF with other techniques can enhance measurement capabilities. Here, the possibility of taking fractions after the FFF separation is of great advantage. The use of photon correlation spectroscopy, for example, to determine the size of spheres eluted from sedimentation FFF yields both size and density [75]. Further comparison can be achieved with electron microscopy. In principle, every analytical technique (spectroscopy, microscopy, chemical analysis, etc.) can be performed off-line on fractions from FFF. 

Mendelsohn, R., Flach, C.R. and Moore, D.J. (2006) Determination of molecular conformation and permeation in skin via IR spectroscopy, microscopy and... 

Optical Spectroscopy, Microscopy, and Macroscopic Technique edited by Christopher Jones, Barbara Mulloy, and Adrian H. Thomas, 1994... 

See also Asbestos. Color Measurement. Forensic Sciences Thin-Layer Chromatography. Gas Chromatography Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Microscopy Applications Forensic. Spectrophotometry Diode Array. Textiles Natural Synthetic. X-Ray Absorption and Diffraction X-Ray Diffraction - Powder. X-Ray Fluorescence and Emission X-Ray Fluorescence Theory Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence. 

Figure 3 Offset infrared spectra of a microtomed section of poly(aryl ether sulfone) film. Top normal film, bottom particle in film. (Reproduced with permission from Chalmers JM and Everall N (1995) The role of vibrational spectroscopy-microscopy techniques in polymer characterisation. Macromoiecuiar Symposia 9 33-49 Wiley-VCH.)...

Solid-state vibrational spectroscopy/microscopy (Amigo 2010 Breitkreitz and Poppi 2012 Chen et al. 2011 Gendlin et al. 2008 J0igensen et al. 2(X)9 Kazarian and Ewing 2013 McIntosh et al. 2012 Pavia et aL 2001 Prats-Montalban et al. 2012 Reich 2005 Van Eerdenbrugh and Taylor 2011 Zeitleretal. 2(X)7)... 

Spectroscopy Microscopy Fluorescence microscopy /iFTIR, NSOM... 

Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) Spectroscopy/Microscopy... 

The structural and morphological properties of these polymers of porphyrins with viologen spacers were very well studied in the literature using different techniques of spectroscopy, microscopy and electrochemistry. 

---