Specific Intensity table

As Beck and Nitzmann(74) observed, the specific intensities of the species V(CO)g , Cr(CO)g, and Mn(CO)6, which are, respectively, 947, 610 and 252 X 10 liter mole" cm as measured in tetrahydrofuran, show a rather striking linear dependence upon the formal oxidation state of the control metal atom. The same trend also occurs for the species W(CO)6 and Re(CO)6" , and it is taken to indicate the availability of the d metal electron density. In fact, there is now a considerable body of data available to support the general conclusion that the intensities of the carbonyl stretching vibrations of an isoelectronic and isostructural series of derivatives increase steadily from cations through neutral molecules to anions. For examples, compare the following pairs of species Ni(CO)4, Co(CO)4- (Table I) M(CO)5X, M (CO)sX- (Table II) w-M(CO)4X2, cw-M (CO)4X2 (Table III) and less rigorously M2(CO),o, HM2 (CO),o (Table VII). Beck and Nitzmann also concluded that the effect on intensities on going from a less polar to a more polar solvent increased from cation... 

The specific intensity is an important quantity because it depends mainly on sample D) and laser (Pd) variables and not on spectrometer parameters such as collection angle, quantum efficiently, and the like L indicates what the spectrometer has to work with while collecting and detecting scattered light. If we consider the example of a clear sample and 180° backscattered geometry with = 0.1 cm (as in Fig. 2.5), then L can be calculated for a variety of samples. Table 2.4 lists several specific intensities for samples of... 

Table 2.4. Some Specific Intensities for 180° Geometry," 514.5 nm laser...

You can find the region in which a particular state lies by referring to one of the two tables for saturation properties. If, at the given T or P, the given specific intensive property lies outside the range of properties that can exist for saturated liquid, saturated vapor, or their mixtures, the state must be in either the superheated or the subcooled region. For example, look at a brief extract from the steam tables in SI units ... 

At any biomass concentration the culture was ammonium-limited (data not shown). The increase in incident light intensity (Table 2) affected neither the hydrogen production by the photobioreactor nor the specific activity of the cells. Thus, the culture was not limited by light even at high biomass concentrations. Measurements of residual lactate concentration showed that only at the highest biomass content it was quite low (100 pM), possibly limiting the culture. 

Many other scales have been developed to measure the polar nature of solvents and other specific properties (Table 3.1). These scales make for handy reference when choosing a solvent for a particular purpose. Most of the other scales are based upon the solvatochro-mism of the solvent. Solvatochromism is the change in shape, intensity, and/or position of the UV / vis or emission spectrum of a chromophore or fluorophore induced by the solvent. The most extensively used scales are the Z scale and the (30) scale. 

TABLE VII-3. SPECIFIC INTENSITY, CONSUMPTION AND CONSTRUCTION VOLUME DATA FOR A NUCLEAR COGENERATION PLANT WITH VBER-300... 

Use of specific, intensive state variables can in many cases simplify calculations and analyses. Usually, tables of the physical properties of substances list specific substance values, i.e. intensive values that are independent of the size of the chosen system. 

Specific heat, like density or melting point, is an intensive property that can be used to identify a substance or determine its purity. Water has an unusually large specific heat, 4.18 J/g-°C. This explains why swimming is not a popular pastime in northern Minnesota in May. Even if the air temperature rises to 90°F, the water temperature will remain below 60°F. Metals have a relatively low specific heat (Table 8.1, page 229). When you heat water in a stainless steel saucepan, for example, nearly all of the heat is absorbed by the water, very little by the steel. 

All carbonyl-containing compounds have intense IR absorptions in the range 1650 to 1850 cm-1. As shown in Table 21.3, the exact position of the absorption provides information about the specific kind of carbonyl group. For comparison, the IR absorptions of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids are included in the table, along with values for carboxylic acid derivatives. 

Table 3.1 shows the kinetic parameters for cell growth, rate models with or without inhibition and mass transfer coefficient calculation at various acetate concentrations in the culture media. The Monod constant value, KM, in the liquid phase depends on some parameters such as temperature, initial concentration of the carbon source, presence of trace metals, vitamin B solution, light intensity and agitation speeds. The initial acetate concentrations in the liquid phase reflected the value of the Monod constants, Kp and Kp. The average value for maximum specific growth rate (/xm) was 0.01 h. The value... 

Eq. (1) has potential application to other types of measurements of substituent effects besides those specifically considered in this paper e.g., nmr coupling constants and shifts for other nuclei, ir and uv spectral shifts and intensities. We caution (with emphasis) in these applications the needed use of data sets of high quality, both with respect to the precision of the measurement and substituents considered (i.e., a full complement of substituent o/ and Or properties must be encompassed for a meaningful correlation to be obtained). There is, of course, no requirement that all data sets will be uniquely fitted by eq. (1) using one of the four or scales of Table V. For example, the data for the ionization of the conjugate acids of pyridine-N-oxides (30), HjO, 25° is found to fit equally well the or(ba.) or Or scales (SD=. 14 /=. 072). The data (31) for the rates of alkaline ("OMe) cleavage of ArSnMea are not fitted to acceptable precision (fs >. 23) by any of the Or parameters. This data set is nevertheless indicated... 

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