Trimethyl-2.3,4-pentane

The optimum parameters for furfural-benzene are chosen in the region of the overlapping 39% confidence ellipses. The ternary tie-line data were then refit with the optimum furfural-benzene parameters final values of binary parameters were thus obtained for benzene-cyclohexane and for benzene-2,2,4-trimethyl-pentane. Table 4 gives all optimum binary parameters for this quarternary system. 

Figure 4-23. Calculated and experimental selectivities and distribution coefficients for the type-I ternaries in the 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane-cyclohexane-furfural-benzene system.

Fig. 4.24 Heat of immersion of a carbon (prepared by pyrolysis of Saran Polymer A) in different liquids at 300 K. The liquids for points 1-6 were (I) methanol (2) benzene (3) n-hexane (4) 3-methyl benzene (5) 2,2-dimethyl butane (6) 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane. The abscissae represent the molar volumes of the liquids. (Redrawn from the original diagram of Barton, Beswick and Harrison. " )...

Octane number is a measure of a fuel s abiUty to avoid knocking. The octane number of a gasoline is deterrnined in a special single-cylinder engine where various combustion conditions can be controlled. The test engine is adjusted to give trace knock from the fuel to be rated. Various mixtures of isooctane (2,2,4-trimethyl pentane) and normal heptane are then used to find the ratio of the two reference fuels that produce the same intensity of knock as that by the unknown fuel. 

The octane number of a fuel is a measure of the tendency of the fuel to knock. The octane scale has a minimum and maximum based on the performance of reference fuels. In the laboratoi"y, these are burned under specific and preset conditions. One reference fuel is normal heptane. This is a very poor fuel and is given an octane rating of zero. On the opposite end of the scale is iso-octane (2,2,4 trimethyl pentane). Iso-octanc is a superior fuel and is given a rating of 100. 

A solution of 25.8 g. (0.20 mole) of 4-amino-2,2,4-trimethyl-pentane (ierf-octylamine) (Note 1) in 500 ml. of C.P. acetone is placed in a 1-1. three-necked flask equipped with a Tru-Bore stirrer and a thermometer and is diluted with a solution of 30 g. of magnesium sulfate (Note 2) in 125 ml. of water. Potassium permanganate (190 g., 1.20 moles) is added to the well-stirred reaction mixture in small portions over a period of about 30 minutes (Note 3). During the addition the temperature of the mixture is maintained at 25-30° (Note 4), and the mixture is stirred for an additional 48 hours at this same temperature (Note 5). The reaction mixture is stirred under water-aspirator vacuum at an internal temperature of about 30° until most of the acetone is removed (Note 6). The resulting viscous mixture is steam-distilled approximately 500 ml. of water and a pale-blue organic layer are collected. The distillate is extracted with pentane, the extract is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the pentane is removed by distillation at atmospheric pressure. The residue is distilled through a column (Note 7) at reduced pressure to give 22-26 g. (69-82%) of colorless 4-nitro-2,2,4-trimethylpentane, b.p. 53-5473 mm., < 1.4314, m.p. 23.5-23.7°. 

Das bei der Dimerisierung von 2-Methyl-propanal zunachst entstehende 3-Hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-pentanal bildet mit weiterem 2-Methyl-propanal ein cyclisches Acetal3 ... 

Mass Spectrum of Benzene, of 2,2,4 Trimethyl Pentane Some Binding Principles for finding the Base Peaks... 

LiChrosphr lOODIOL UV254 nm 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane/1,4 dioxane (50/50) Benzoic and gallic acids Dodecyl-, Propyl-, Ethyl-,Methylgallate 37... 

Electrons have not been detected by optical absorption in alkanes in which the mobility is greater than 10 cm /Vs. For example, Gillis et al. [82] report seeing no infrared absorption in pulse-irradiated liquid methane at 93 K. This is not surprising since the electron mobility in methane is 500 cm /Vs [81] and trapping does not occur. Geminately recombining electrons have, however, been detected by IR absorption in 2,2,4-trimethyl-pentane in a subpicosecond laser pulse experiment [83]. The drift mobility in this alkane is 6.5 cm /Vs, and the quasi-free mobility, as measured by the Hall mobility, is 22 cm /Vs (see Sec. 6). Thus the electron is trapped two-thirds of the time. 

Octane A hydrocarbon with the formula C8H18 having 18 different isomers. These isomers have typical boiling points between 210.2°F and 257°F (99°C and 125°C). The most important of these isomers is 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane or isooctane. It is a colorless liquid with a boiling point of 210.2°F (99°C) and is used as a standard for rating the antiknock properties of gasoline. 

Photochemical irradiation of (i-Pr3Si)3SiH (14) with light of 254 nm in either 2,2,4-trimethylpentane or pentane leads to the elimination of f-Pr3SiH and the generation of bis(triisopropylsilyl)silylene (/-Pr3Si)2Si (15). Silylene 15 can also be generated by the thermolysis of the same precursor 14 at 225 °C in 2,2,4-trimethyl-pentane (Scheme 14.11). Reactions of 15 include the precedented insertion into an Si H bond, and additions to the ti bonds of olefins, alkynes, and dienes. 

A 600-ml Parr reactor was charged with 5 ml toluene and 4.2 ml of 13.5 wt% toluene solution of methylaluminoxane. This was sequentially treated with a zirconium complex (2.0 mg) dissolved in 2 ml toluene, 0.1 wt% toluene solution of iron biphenyl derivative (433 mg), 30 ml 5-ethylidene-2-norbomene, and 120 ml 2,2,4-trimethyl-pentane. The autoclave was sealed and heated to 65°C and then pressurized with ethylene to 1.24 MPa. The reaction mixture was heated to 90°C for 2 hours, cooled to ambient temperature, and vented. The mixture was slowly poured into 400 ml of methanol and then treated with 6 ml of 12 M hydrochloric. It was stirred for 25 minutes at ambient temperature, filtered, washed with methanol six times, and 3.06 g of product isolated as a white powdery solid. 

Prior to the development of the catalytic cracking process, aviation gasoline was produced by adding tetraethyllead to blends of commercial iso-octane (2,2,4-trimethyl-pentane) and selected straight-run petroleum fractions. 

In this section we shall deal only with the reverse reaction to dealkylation by cracking (Sect. 2.5), that is with additions of alkanes and aromatic compounds to the carbon—carbon double bond. The former reaction is described only in a single paper [339] the formation of 2,2,4-trimethyl-pentane from isobutane and isobutene... 

Three pounds of 2,2-dimethyIbutane and 2 lb of 2,2,4-trimethyl-pentane are mixed in a sealed container. The temperature and pressure are adjusted to 5 psia and 100°F. Calculate the compositions and weights of the gas and liquid at equilibrium. Assume that the mixture acts like an ideal solution. 

Figure 2. Comparison of theoretical velocity curve with Ingebo s experimental data for a 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane spray (Miesse)...

Figure 9-11 Infrared spectra of (a) octane and (b) 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane as pure liquids. Notice the C—H stretching around 2900 cm 1 and C—H bending frequency around 1460 cm-1. The bands near 1370 cm-1 for 2,2,4-trimethylpentane are characteristic of methyl C—H bending frequencies.

MPa), in the region of no or low volatility amplification, below the critical pressure of 2.57 MPa of 2,2,4-trimethyl-pentane. This indicates that these three runs (2, 4, 12) were mass transfer rate-limited. 

A test was made with 2,3-dimethylbutane as the supercritical solvent it has a lower critical temperature than 2,2,4-trimethyl-pentane. Operating at a temperature of 508-512 K, a pressure of 4.10-4.37 MPa, a molecular sieve/oil ratio of 6.39, and a solvent/ oil ratio of 21.3, the molecular sieve capacity attained is 5.73 g/100 g of molecular sieves (as compared to 3.2 g/100 g of molecular sieves with 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at 550 K). The n-paraffin content of the wax distillate was reduced by 88% to a level of 2 wt %, giving a pour point of 266 K. The yield of denormal oil was lower (63%) and the n-paraffin content of the desorbate was lower (44%) at this lower temperature level. This is probably due to increased capillary condensation. Conversely, operation at temperatures greater than 550 K should produce less capillary condensation and purer n-paraffin product. It would be interesting to try supercritical solvents with critical temperatures in the 600-670 K range. 

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