Special application fastness

P.R.2 does not show perfect performance in special applications (Sec. 1.6.2.3) in prints, which is also true for a number of other members of this class. In this respect, P.R.2 is inferior to P.R.112. This may have a particular impact on marginal areas of pigment applicability. P.R.112 letterpress proof prints, for instance, tolerate mineral spirits and soap while P.R.2 prints only reach step 4 on the 5 step fastness scale. P.R.2 specimens are also sensitive to clear lacquer coatings and to sterilization. 

P.R.146 is a suitable candidate for a variety of special applications. The list includes wood stains, in which it is frequently blended with yellow pigments, especially with P.Y.83, and also with black to afford shades of brown. The products are fast to overcoating and stable to nitro and acid catalyzed and polyester varnishes. Intense shades match step 5 on the Blue Scale for lightfastness. Other areas of application include office articles and artists colors, cleaning agents, paper mass coloration, laundry markers, etc. In connection with cosmetics, the pigment frequently lends color to soaps. 

P.Y.110 lends color to polystyrene and styrene containing plastics. It is a suitable candidate for unsaturated polyester and other cast resins, as well as for polyurethane. P.Y.110 is used to an appreciable extent in polypropylene spin dyeing, it is very lightfast in this medium. It is utilized in polyacrylonitrile spin dyeing and sometimes also in polyamide. Its fastness properties, however, especially its lightfastness, do not meet special application conditions (Sec. 1.8.3.8). 

Incorporated in printing inks, phase-stabilized a-Copper Phthalocyanine Blue, like nonstabilized types, is too reddish to be employed as a process color for three and four color printing. It is used, however, to a considerable extent in all types of printing inks for special and packaging purposes. The prints are stable to common organic solvents and exhibit perfect fastness properties in special application (Sec. 1.6.2.3). Metal deco prints withstand up to 200°C for 10 minutes or 170 to 180°C for 30 minutes. They may safely be sterilized. 

Fig. 1.6 Two different immersion cell designs optimized for special applications, (a) Set-up for fast removal and rinsing of a strip-shaped electrode by fast rotation of the shaft (solid arrow). This set-up is useful for measurements of transient electrode processes like...

A special case is the application domain of discrete functions (e.g., measurements on some spatial grid). The Fourier transform of a discrete function can be computed quite efficiently by a special algorithm (Fast Fourier Transform) at discrete points in Fourier space [132]. 

There are several reports of T1 measurement techniques in specialized applications such as single line spectra, where the FID is directly integrated (Cantor and Jonas, 1976 Matson, 1977), a rather fast single scan FT method to observe relaxation times of unstable compounds (Kaptein et al., 1976), and a very special technique to measure extremely long 7j values of very weak signals such as that from 109Ag and other metal nuclei (Kronenbitter and Schwenk, 1977). 

Modern sensors and electronic systems depend heavily on fast solid state sensors and solid state electronic components. Thus the majority of detector systems commercially available are sufficiently fast for the vast majority of chromatography applications. In general, the overall time constant of the detecting system should be less than 50 milliseconds. For special applications involving very fast separations, this value may need to be reduced to around 15 milliseconds. Sensors and electronics, with very small time constants, unfortunately, will also readily respond to high frequency noise. 

Between the input and output stages of a macro, the user has complete control over what to do with the captured data. Because VBA is an extension of BASIC, the programmer does not need to know how to write code for specialized applications, such as a fast Fourier transform, ora matrix inversion, but instead can incorporate well-documented general-purpose programs such as those of the Numerical Recipes. Note that these are freely usable only for private use copyright must be obtained for their commerical use. 

This modular apparatus allows even very special applications. As a further example a combined measurement and irradiation device can be set up where the sample is placed in a Dewar and kept at low temperature. Fast shutters, a beam splitter, and a repositioning device for sample and reference allow the uninterrupted examination of photochemical reactions under specific conditions (see Fig. 4.12) [54]. 

The by far largest application area of high-performance ion-exchange chromatography is the separation of biopolymers proteins and nucleic acids. Although a special term, fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLQ, is occa-... 

GIDROPRESS, in which a great deal of experience has been accumulated in the course of the development and operation of submarine reactors cooled with lead-bismuth eutectic. However, bismuth is expensive and the resources are limited. It is possible that its use must be confined to special applications, such as small reactors or to a limited number of fast reactors. For this reason lead cooling is also being studied in the IPPE, Kurchatov Institute, and other organization [2.19-2.26]. 

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