Spatial submicron

The principal applications of REELS are thin-film growth studies and gas-surface reactions in the few-monolayer regime when chemical state information is required. In its high spatial resolution mode it has been used to detect submicron metal hydride phases and to characterize surface segregation and difRision as a function of grain boundary orientation. REELS is not nearly as commonly used as AES orXPS. 

Ozaki, K. Sekiguchi, H. Wakana, S. Goto, Y. Umehara, Y. Matsumoto, J., Novel optical probing system with submicron spatial resolution for internal diagnosis of VLSI circuits, Proc. Int. Test. Conf. 1996, 269 275... 

As indicated in Fig. 7.2, X-rays are among the by-products in an electron microscope. Already at the beginning of this century, people knew that matter emits X-rays when it is bombarded with electrons. The explanation of the phenomenon came with the development of quantum mechanics. Nowadays, it is the basis for determining composition on the submicron scale and, with still increasing spatial resolution, is used in the technique referred to as Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMA), Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) or Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDAX, EDX) [21]. 

The self-assembly of block polymers, in the bulk, thin film and solution states, produces uniformly sized nanostructured patterns that are very useful for nanofabrication. Optimal utilization of these nanoscopic patterns requires complete spatial and orientational control of the microdomains. However, the microdomains in the bulk state normally have grain sizes in the submicron range and have random orientations. In block copolymer thin films, the natural domain orientations are generally not desirable for nanofabrication. In particular, for composition-asymmetric cylindrical thin films, experimental... 

Figures 13a and 13b show the optical interference-contrast and SEM micrographs, respectively, of the marked bits at various energy levels. The high spatial resolution of the Infrared disk Disc is apparent from the uniform, submicron dimensions of the marks.

Mohr C, Richter R, DeCarlo FF, Prevot ASH, Baltensperger U (2011) Spatial variation of chemical composition and sources of submicron aerosol in Zurich during wintertime using mobile aerosol mass spectrometer data. Atmos Chem Phys 11 7465-7482... 

The submicron particle number size distribution controls many of the main climate effects of submicron aerosol populations. The data from harmonized particle number size distribution measurements from European field monitoring stations are presented and discussed. The results give a comprehensive overview of the European near surface aerosol particle number concentrations and number size distributions between 30 and 500 nm of dry particle diameter. Spatial and temporal distributions of aerosols in the particle sizes most important for climate applications are presented. Annual, weekly, and diurnal cycles of the aerosol number concentrations are shown and discussed. Emphasis is placed on the usability of results within the aerosol modeling community and several key points of model-measurement comparison of submicron aerosol particles are discussed along with typical concentration levels around European background. 

Nonetheless, the ability of combined spectromicroscopic NEXAFS studies to elucidate composition and structure in NOM is unparalleled as pointed out in Sections 17.3.2 and 17.4.3. These sections illustrate one significant fact NOM is often heterogeneous at the submicron level. Thus all other spectroscopic techniques of lower spatial resolution will spatially average NOM composition. 

Among the different chemosensors, those which are fluorescence-based present many advantages such as high sensitivity (single molecule detection is possible), low cost, ease of performance, and versatility. The fluorescent-based sensors offer subnanometer spatial resolution with submicron visualization and submillisecond temporal resolution.20-26 Thus, numerous fluorescence-based chemosensors have been prepared and investigated.4-6 On the other hand, chromoionophores are also distinct and worthwhile subjects in their own right27-30... 

Greater spatial resolution Better suited than conventional SEM for automation Better signal-to-noise ratio for submicron particulates Subject to filtration artifacts... 

Many other examples of stress or strain measurements through Raman spectroscopy are still primarily qualitative [18, 27]. Much of this stems from the fact that Raman spectroscopy provides only limited additional information (generally only in the form of frequency shifts) from potentially complicated strain distributions. Furthermore, care must be taken when extracting stresses from measured Raman shifts as key mechanical properties such as Young s modulus (which is related to the compliance or stiffness matrix elements) may be diameter dependent in NWs [61]. Still, Raman mapping with submicron spatial resolution and careful polarization analyses may help clarify the piezospectroscopic properties of semiconductor NWs in ongoing research. 

In order to investigate the spatial distribution of B atoms in a B-doped HOD film, Graham et al. [415] deposited a 4-pm thick B-doped diamond layer on an undoped HOD film of 30-pm thickness. The B-doped layer was deposited using CH4, H2, and B2H2, where B/C = 44 ppm in the source gas. The specimen was thinned from the HOD film side so that TEM and CL measurements could be done for the same position of the specimen. In the CL spectrum related with dislocations, there were two bands at 2.87 eV (431 nm) and 2.32 eV (535 nm) due to bound excitons. A comparison between the TEM image and the monochromatic CL images for 2.87 and 2.32 eV indicated that the B dopants were distributed uniformly within the film on the submicron level. Furthermore, the incorporation of B dopants created dislocations in the film. 

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