Spatial comparisons

Spatial comparison of sites to various intensity of development of karstic cavities and the sites characterized by various degree of a mineralization of waters of the irensky horizon testifies that the majority of disclosed karstic cavities is revealed within sites where waters with a mineralization from 2,0 to 4,0 g/dm are widespread. 

The sensitivity of the luminescence IP s in the systems employed here decreases with increasing x-ray energy more strongly than in the case of x-ray film. Therefore, this phenomenon must be compensated by using thicker lead front and back screens. The specific contrast c,p [1,3] is an appropriate parameter for a comparison between IP s and film, since it may be measured independently of the spatial resolution. Since the absorption coefficient p remains roughly constant for constant tube voltage and the same material, it suffices to measure and compare the scatter ratio k. Fig. 2 shows k as a function of the front and back screen thickness for the IP s for 400 keV and different wall thicknesses. The corresponding measured scatter ratios for x-ray films with 0,1 mm front and back screens of lead are likewise shown. The equivalent value for the front and back screen thicknesses is found from the intersection of the curves for the IP s and the film value. 

Fig. 1. Comparison of two different dynamical simulations for the Butane molecule Verlet discretization with stepsize r = O.OOSfs. Initial spatial deviation 10 A. Left Evolutions of the total length (=distance between the first and the last carbon atom) of the molecule (in A). Right Spatial deviation (in A) of the two trajectories versus time.

In contrast to SDS, CTAB and C12E7, CufDSjz micelles catalyse the Diels-Alder reaction between 1 and 2 with enzyme-like efficiency, leading to rate enhancements up to 1.8-10 compared to the reaction in acetonitrile. This results primarily from the essentially complete complexation off to the copper ions at the micellar surface. Comparison of the partition coefficients of 2 over the water phase and the micellar pseudophase, as derived from kinetic analysis using the pseudophase model, reveals a higher affinity of 2 for Cu(DS)2 than for SDS and CTAB. The inhibitory effect resulting from spatial separation of la-g and 2 is likely to be at least less pronoimced for Cu(DS)2 than for the other surfactants. 

The spatial localization of H atoms in H2 and HD crystals found from analysis of the hyperfine structure of the EPR spectrum, is caused by the interaction of the uncoupled electron with the matrix protons [Miyazaki 1991 Miyazaki et al. 1991]. The mean distance between an H atom and protons of the nearest molecules was inferred from the ratio of line intensities for the allowed (without change in the nuclear spin projections. Am = 0) and forbidden (Am = 1) transitions. It equals 3.6-4.0 A and 2.3 A for the H2 and HD crystals respectively. It follows from comparison of these distances with the parameters of the hep lattice of H2 that the H atoms in the H2 crystal replace the molecules in the lattice nodes, while in the HD crystal they occupy the octahedral positions. 

The use of various statistical techniques has been discussed (46) for two situations. For standard air quality networks with an extensive period of record, analysis of residuals, visual inspection of scatter diagrams, and comparison of cumulative frequency distributions are quite useful techniques for assessing model performance. For tracer studies the spatial coverage is better, so that identification of meiximum measured concentrations during each test is more feasible. However, temporal coverage is more limited with a specific number of tests not continuous in time. 

The micropore volume varied from -0.15 to -0.35 cmVg. No clear trend was observed with respect to the spatial variation. Data for the BET surface area are shown in Fig. 14. The surface area varied from -300 to -900 mVg, again with no clear dependence upon spatial location withm the monolith. The surface area and pore volume varied by a factor -3 withm the monolith, which had a volume of -1900 cm. In contrast, the steam activated monolith exhibited similar imcropore structure variability, but in a sample with less than one fiftieth of the volume. Pore size, pore volume and surface area data are given in Table 2 for four large monoliths activated via Oj chemisorption. The data in Table 2 are mean values from samples cored from each end of the monolith. A comparison of the data m Table 1 and 2 indicates that at bum-offs -10% comparable pore volumes and surface areas are developed for both steam activation and Oj chemisorption activation, although the process time is substantially longer in the latter case. 

Comparison of operational, spatial, servicing simplicity, internal environmental performance (day lighting, thermal transmittance, acoustic break-in/out, etc.), parameters between options. 

The results show that at 2 torr, ku = 2.5 X 10 8 and at 760 torr ku = 1.0 X 10 8 cm.3 molecule-1 sec.-1 This is reasonably good agreement in view of the possible errors. Furthermore, the values of ku obtained are consistent with earlier estimates based on comparisons with similar reactions (10, 19). Our purpose in presenting it here is to illustrate the potential use of flames in estimating more accurate rate constants for reactions like Reaction 14. Of course, the influence of diffusion must always be accounted for in such estimations diffusion is particularly important at low pressures and for small ion concentrations. (It is often advantageous to work at low pressures because the spatial resolution is much better than at 1 atm. At low pressures most measurements are made in or close to the reaction zone itself. At high pressures, where the reaction zone is thinner, measurements are made both in the reaction zone and in the burned gases.)... 

G. Searby, J.M. Truffaut, and G. Joulin. Comparison of experiments and a non-linear model for spatially developing flame instability. Physics of Fluids, 13 3270-3276, 2001. 

Molecular dynamics (MD) permits the nature of contact formation, indentation, and adhesion to be examined on the nanometer scale. These are computer experiments in which the equations of motion of each constituent particle are considered. The evolution of the system of interacting particles can thus be tracked with high spatial and temporal resolution. As computer speeds increase, so do the number of constituent particles that can be considered within realistic time frames. To enable experimental comparison, many MD simulations take the form of a tip-substrate geometry correspoudiug to scauniug probe methods of iuvestigatiug siugle-asperity coutacts (see Sectiou III.A). 

We used modifications of the standard solid-state CP-MAS (cross-polarisation, magic-angle spinning) experiment to allow the proton relaxation characteristics to be measured for each peak in the C spectrum. It is known that highly mobile, hydrated polymers can not be seen using either usual CP-MAS C spectrum or solution NMR (6). We found, however, that by a combination of a long-contact experiment and a delayed-contact experiment we could reconstruct a C spectrum of the cell-wall components that are normally too mobile to be visible. With these techniques we were able to determine the mobility of pectins and their approximate spatial location in comparison to cellulose. 

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