Spacer systems

Both corticosteroids and bronchodilator therapy should routinely be delivered by a pressurised metered dose inhaler (pMDI) and spacer system, with a facemask where necessary in infants, toddlers and children under 5 years of age. 

Esposito-Festen JE, Ates B, van Vliet FJ, Verbraak AF, de Jongste JC, Tiddens HA (2004) Effect of a facemask leak on aerosol delivery from a pMDI-spacer system. J Aerosol Med 17(l) l-6... 

Fig. 5.4 Example of a PEEK cage filled with bone graft ready to be inserted into a patient, in this case the cage is the OpalT spacer system made by Depuy Synthes...

Forbes M D E 1993 The effect of n-system spacers on exchange couplings and end-to-end encounter rates in flexible biradicals J. Phys. Chem. 97 3396-400... 

Fuji Peel-Apart Film FP-100. In 1984 Fuji introduced FP-lOO, a peel-apart instant color film rated at ISO 100. The FP-lOO system uses a dye-release process similar to that used in the Fuji integral films. Figure 16b is a schematic cross section of FP-100, and Figure 11b (on the colored plate) is a micrograph of the unprocessed film in cross section. The negative stmcture includes a spacer layer between the red-sensitive layer and the cyan dye-releaser layer that it controls, similar to that shown in the FI-800 stmcture, but there are no spacers between the other emulsions and corresponding dye-releaser layers. 

In the pendent chain systems, the dmg is chemically bound to a polymer backbone and is released by hydrolytic or enzymatic cleavage of the chemical bond. The dmg may be attached directiy to the polymer or may be linked via a spacer group. The spacer group may be used to affect the rate of dmg release and the hydrophilicity of the system. These systems allow very high dmg loadings (over 80 wt %) (89) which decrease the cost of the polymeric materials used ia the systems. These systems have beea examiaed by many iavestigators (111,112). 

Mttltilayer Multilayer systems consist of series of radiation-reflecdive shields of low emittance separated by fillers or spacers of veiy low conductance and exposed to a high vacuum. 

For pumps above 25 hp, flexible disk, spacer-type couplings should be u 1 The flexible elements must be selected for compatibility with the plant atmosphere. For the smaller systems, a non-spacer coupling may be adequate, but the coupling should be of good quality. This is not the place to /e money. Coupling guards should be furnished as a part of the lube tern. 

Membrane systems consist of membrane elements or modules. For potable water treatment, NF and RO membrane modules are commonly fabricated in a spiral configuration. An important consideration of spiral elements is the design of the feed spacer, which promotes turbulence to reduce fouling. MF and UF membranes often use a hollow fiber geometry. This geometry does not require extensive pretreatment because the fibers can be periodically backwashed. Flow in these hollow fiber systems can be either from the inner lumen of the membrane fiber to the outside (inside-out flow) or from the outside to the inside of the fibers (outside-in flow). Tubular NF membranes are now just entering the marketplace. 

Chiral separation media are quite complex systems. Therefore, neither combinatorial methods nor even the identification of the best selector can ensure that an outstanding chiral separation medium will be prepared. This is because some other variables of the system such as the support, spacer, and the chemistry used for their con-... 

After the discovery of the oscillatory magnetic interlayer coupling between ferromagnetic films separated by a paramagnetic spacer these sandwiched systems have been a subject of intense research. There have been many attempts to explain the magnetic interlayer coupling and a great number of theoretical and experimental studies have been performed . ... 

A number of studies have focused on D-A systems in which D and A are either embedded in a rigid matrix [103-110] or separated by a rigid spacer with covalent bonds [111-118], Miller etal. [114, 115] gave the first experimental evidence for the bell-shape energy gap dependence in charge shift type ET reactions [114,115], Many studies have been reported on the photoinduced ET across the interfaces of some organized assemblies such as surfactant micelles [4] and vesicles [5], wherein some particular D and A species are expected to be separated by a phase boundary. However, owing to the dynamic nature of such interfacial systems, D and A are not always statically fixed at specific locations. 

The other approach to the reduction of the power loss to the dielectric material is by reducing the amount used. This is done by replacing part of the dielectric by air, an inert gas, or by vacuum. As examples there are three cable constructions in common use which employ these approaches to minimize dielectric loss. The first is the use of a foamed dielectric PS plastic that is commonly used in either twin lead transmission lines or in coaxial cables used for antenna lead-in wires in the UHF-TV antenna applications. The second system, which is illustrative of several sectional spacers, is used widely in communications cables of the coaxial type to minimize losses to the dielectric by reducing the amount of dielectric material in the cable. 

---