Space Technology Missions

The selected technology for on-board electric power on mid-length space vehicle missions (several days to a year), including the important man-moon mission, was the fuel cell. This is because the use of batteries for more than a couple of days proved too heavy, combustion engines and gas turbines required too heavy a fuel supply because of relatively low efficiency, and the use of a nuclear reactor was only suitable for missions of a year or more. There was a... 

A second successful U.S. comet mission was Deep Space 1, launched from Cape Canaveral on October 24, 1998. Its principal goal was to test a variety of new space technologies. It completed this primary mission in Septemher 1999. The spacecraft s mission was then extended to include a flyby of Comet Borrelly, which it accomplished on Septemher 22, 2001. Deep Space 1 sent hack black and white photographs of the comet, infrared spectrometer readings, ion and electron data, and measurements of the magnetic held and plasma waves in the vicinity of the comet. 

Abstract NASA has used aerogel in several space exploration missions over the last two decades. Aerogel has been used as a hypervelocity particle capture medium (Stardust) and as thermal insulation for the Mars Pathfinder, Mars Exploration Rovers, and Mars Science Lander. Future applications of aerogel are also discussed and include the proposed use of aerogel as a sample collection medium to return upper atmosphere particles from Mars to earth and as thermal insulation in thermal-to-electric generators for future space missions and terrestrial waste-heat recovery technology. 

Long LEO life tests have also been conducted by ESTEC (European Space Technological Center) from 1999 to 2011. It used a 10-orbit accelerated sequence at nonconstant DOD profile with a maximum DOD of 30% and an average of 18%. More than 10,700 sequences have been performed constituting more than 107,000 cycles that correspond to 20 years in LEO mission. 

Papayoti, H.V., 21 October 1975. Space frame connecting fixture. Patent US 3,914,062. PERA, 2006. HYBRIDMAT 4 Advances in the Manufacture of 3D lYeform Reinforcement for Advanced Structural Composites in Aerospace. DTI Global Watch Technology Mission. PERA Phiblication. 

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) asked PUlsbury Company food scientists to help them develop preserved foods that would not produce crumbs. Mercury, Gemini, and early Apollo program crews consumed foods contained in tubes. NASA arranged for Oregon Freeze Dry to use its freeze-drying technology to preserve more elaborate meals for astronauts to eat during later Apollo and space shuttle missions. 

The PCAD architecture assumed (Figure 8-8) is the Northrop Grumman Space Technology arrangement at the time of Project Mission Systems Review (PMSR). A PCAD controller is assumed to control the lineup of the spacecraft electrical buses and to coordinate the operation of the Brayton unit Start Inverter and PLR. 

The Naval Reactors program was specifically chartered to work on a deep space nuclear power system for the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO) mission. The requirements for the Deep Space Vehicle (which includes the Reactor Module) included multi-mission capability for other civilian deep space exploration missions. The high level requirements of the Prometheus project also included that the nuclear power technologies developed be extensible to Moon/Mars surface exploration missions. This requirement of extensibility was implemented by NASA through Level 1 and Level 2 requirements as discussed below. 

MEMS-based hydrogen sensors have been used in NASA shuttle missions STS-95 and STS-96. Hydrogen sensors were also a part of an "Integrated Vehicle Health Monitoring HEDS Technology Demonstration" series conducted at the NASA Kennedy Space Center. 

Other cryogenic space experiments, such as XEUS (0.1 K) [37] and DARWIN [38], are programmed for the next future. A review of space missions and technologies is reported in ref. [39],... 

Not only must space MS be compact, low power, and autonomously operated, but they must survive launch by rocket. The trend over the past few decades has been toward solid-fueled rockets or boosters that have a much rougher ride than liquid-fueled rockets. Over-zealous specifications often require that space MS survive 15 g of random shake acceleration, which is about like lifting the instrument 10 cm and dropping it on the floor repeatedly. All those shims in a magnetic sector MS must be capable of being realigned in space, perhaps with stepper motors, which is what ESA had to fly in its 2011 comet mission [19]. Likewise, carbon foil technology took an additional 10 years to fly after it had been developed in the laboratory, primarily to ensure that it survived launch. 

Following its rapid rise to dominance in the consumer cell market intended for portable electronics, lithium ion technology was actively considered for special applications such as those in military and space missions. However, the poor performance of the state-of-the-art lithium ion cells at temperatures below —20 °C remained a major obstacle to enabling the normal operations in harsh environments that are frequently encountered in those missions. For example, according to a comprehensive... 

The technology has been developed mainly for meats, poultry, and certain seafoods in the United States, and radappertized foods were successfully used in space missions [116]. Similar radiation-sterilized products were manufactured by the Atomic Energy Corporation of South Africa for hikers [117]. 

Primary Mission Space Science and Technology Space Science and Technology Remote Sensing Communication and Meteorology... 

---