Moon mission

Special uses iaclude oxygen for fuels iatended for long-term unattended service (13). Candles are fired on demand by a pressure sensor ia the oxygen accumulator. Chlorate candles were iacorporated iato backpacks designed for use ia the ApoUo moon missions (14). 

C06-0112. In some liquid-fuel rockets, such as the lunar lander module of the Apollo moon missions, the fuels are liquid hydrazine (N2 H4 ) and dinitrogen tetroxide gas (N2 O4 ). The two chemicals ignite on contact to release very large amounts of energy 2 N2 H4(/) + N2 04(g) 3 N2(g) + 4 H2 0(g)... 

The selected technology for on-board electric power on mid-length space vehicle missions (several days to a year), including the important man-moon mission, was the fuel cell. This is because the use of batteries for more than a couple of days proved too heavy, combustion engines and gas turbines required too heavy a fuel supply because of relatively low efficiency, and the use of a nuclear reactor was only suitable for missions of a year or more. There was a... 

The movie Apollo 13 (released in 1995) is based on the real story of the ill-fated Apollo 13 moon mission of 1970. The most dramatic scene in the movie Apollo 13 combines carbon dioxide, inorganic chemistry, and human ingenuity. The three astronauts nearly died due to toxic levels of the carbon dioxide that they exhaled into the confined space of their lunar module. 

NASA also implemented a system-safety program patterned after the Air Force standards. These programs were instrumental to the successful completion of many NASA projects, including the Apollo moon missions. 

If the lunar lander on the Apollo moon missions used 4.0 tons of dimethylhydrazine, (CH3)2NNH2, as fuel, how many tons of N2O4 oxidizer were required to react with it (The reaction produces N2, CO2, and H2O.)... 

So I m sensitive to the point that you make— that maybe the case isn t proven. However, my point isn t really that. My point is related to the business of risk scenarios. When we first ran into problems in the nuclear industry, we tried to do careful calculations of risk, and risk-based planning of course is well known. The Moon mission, for example, was based on asking the astronauts what risk they would accept, and they said they would accept the same risk as getting killed by a car in Houston. I don t think they put it that way now, but that was the number they chose at the time, and that was the number that was used as the basis for risk calculations in the whole Moon program. 

Batohelor M, Adler D and Trogus W 1996 New plans for FIRST Missions to the Moon Exploring the Cold Universe 18 185-8... 

Zirconium is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestrial rocks. 

A final, somewhat variable outlet for large-scale liquid oxygen is as oxidant in rocket fuels for space exploration, satellite launching and space shuttles. For example, in the Apollo mission to the moon (1979), each Saturn 5 launch rocket used 1270 m (i.e. 1.25 million litres or 1450 tonnes) of liquid oxygen in Stage 1, where it oxidized the kerosene fuel (195 000 1, or about 550 tonnes) in the almost unbelievably short time of 2.5 min. Stages 2 and 3 had 315 and 76.3 m of liquid O2 respectively, and the fuel was liquid FI2. 

The instrument MIMOS II will be part of the upcoming ESA-NASA space missions ExoMars in 2018, and the Russian Space Agency sample return mission Phobos Grunt scheduled for launch in 2011 to visit the Mars moon Phobos. 

The SP-ablator allows higher aerodynamic loads with lower surface/mass ratio for heat shields, and should be ideally suited for moon, mars, or other interplanetary return missions. These shields are also suitable for cost-effective flight models of winged reentry capsules. A large application potential can be seen for nozzles and combustion chambers or housings of rocket engines. Dornier plans to manufacture a heat shield for the Mirka capsule one meter in diameter. The C/SiC-cover will be fabricated in one piece. 

Before data from the Galileo mission became available, the interior structure of the moon was still basically unknown. Hie data obtained during two encounters of the probe with Europa (E4 and E6) on December 19, 1996, and February 20, 1997 (Anderson et al., 1997), indicated the presence of an inner core with a density of 4,000 kg/m3. This could be a metal core with a radius of about 40% of that of the moon, surrounded by a rock mantle with a density of 3,000-3,500 kg/m3. Two further approaches of the probe to Europa made refinement of the model possible (Anderson et al., 1998), and they concluded that the moon s interior may consist of a mixture of silicates and metals. If the moon does in fact have a metallic core, estimation of its diameter is not possible because of its unknown composition. 

Moore (1998) suggested that the data available could be interpreted in terms of an ice crust 10-15 km thick. Christopher Chyba from the SETI Institute (Mountain View, California) has published articles in Nature (2000), the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2001a) and in Science (2001b) in which he suggests that a detailed study of this Jovian moon is necessary he discusses the possibility of a complex ecosystem, nourished by the radiation coming from outer space, on or in the ice layers of the moon. The planned Europa orbiter mission may provide certainty on this, but at least another five years of uncertainty lie ahead. The use of a submersible robot to study the (possible) ocean layer and its floor has been discussed. 

Such a mission would require successful drilling through the moon s surface ice layer (Rummel, 2000 de Morais, 2000) testing of a new apparatus required for the study of Europa s ice could be done in the subglacial Antarctic Lake Vostok, under the Antarctic ice. It does not, however, seem appropriate to test such technologies in this extremely sensitive environmental situation. However, Russian scientists are carrying out drilling studies on Lake Vostok (Inman, 2006). 

Fig. 3.3 An artist s impression of the originally planned hydrobot mission to Europa. The robot has bored through the ice layer in the moon s intermediate aqueous layer and is investigating the ocean floor. From NASA...

Stable isotope analysis of earth, moon and meteorite samples has provided important information concerning the origin of the solar system. Lunar samples returned to earth during the Apollo missions show 8170 and 8lsO enrichment patterns which are virtually identical to those of earth-bound rocks and minerals. On 3-isotope plots like those in Figs. 9.5 and 14.3, a uniform isotope reservoir is represented by a single... 

The ELEVENTH OF MARCH was a full moon. It passed uneventfully enough after the adventure of Dennis and the mission bell, meaning that I can now recollect little of what happened. I remained ecstatic, certain that all was for the best, certain that some definitive tipping of the hand by the thing we were dealing with was about to occur. 

To conclude we may speculate on the future of the fuel cell research and make some observations. After much hope of achieving a cheap, reliable and efficient power conversion system, the hard facts of life have shown that the rapid commercialization and wide spread use of fuel cells cannot be obtained so readily. The level of R and D funding after the bonanza years of the moon flight missions rapidly decreased in the late sixties and several programs in industry came to a halt. The recent and exhaustive review by Kordesch ( 1). on fuel cell development indicates, among other things, that the peak in R and D in this field was in 1964. The maximum number of publications in fuel cell research activity occurred in 1969. 

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