Crop market

Fig. 1. United States agricultural crop markets for manufactured controlled release fertilizers, 1990. (a) Total percentage ( 14 million) of market value by crop and (b) total percentage (6,800 t) of consumption by product type. IBDU is isobutyUdene diurea PCF, polymer-coated fertilizer UF,...

High product costs limit distribution to high value crop markets. This includes commercial ornamental production such as nurseries and greenhouses, citms production, and strawberry production. Limited amounts are sold to the consumer lawn and garden market. 

The value of all herbicides for crops marketed worldwide in 1980 was estimated at about 4.9 billion (17). The sale of herbicides for weed control in corn in the United States represented 70 and 49% of the world herbicide and pesticide purchases in corn, respectively. The sale of herbicides in soybeans represents 82 and 69% of the world herbicide and pesticide purchases in soybeans, respectively. The sale of herbicides for weed control in row crops in the United States represents 62 and 36% of the world herbicide and pesticide purchases for row crops, respectively. 

Large numbers of methods are available to forecast what will happen if a major herbicide is no longer available in some or all crop markets. Models for assessing the most likely farmer responses to removals of pesticides range from simple expert opinion on costs of replacement pesticides on a given acreage base, to elaborate models with yield and cost changes entered into other models to estimate the impact on both farmers and consumers. To understand why there are wide differences in estimates for the costs and benefits of a product, we must understand the specific components of these models. 

Economics. No consideration of the literature would be complete without the economic study made by the Food Research Institute of Stanford University (66). The studies are mainly concerned with crops, markets, and economics, and comprise a monumental contribution to the literature of wheat. Some technical papers on wheat in the diet, wheat protein, starch and flour quality, bread staling, utilization of wheat germ, and physical tests of flour quality are included. An index to this series (62) consists of abstracts of the annual reviews and special studies, and a chronological list of the individual issues, and lists, by author and subject, of the special studies. 

With low cost commodity products dominating the major crop markets and the high cost of developing new products, companies with heavy investments in research and development must concentrate on those new compounds that will either excel or fill a gap in the pest control programs. 

USDA, Economic Research Service. Soybeans and Oil Crops Market Outlook. 2007a. http //www. ers.usda.gOv/Briefing/SoybeansOilcrops/2007baseline.htm. 

Using the assigned distributions of crop yields and crop market prices, CB calculated 500 different possible random draw combinations of crop yields and prices. Using these 500 possible outcomes of yield and price, in addition to input costs, and potential organic premiums, 500 possible outcomes of NR for each input strategy and cropping sequence... 

Barker M, Safford R, Burgner S, Edwards C (2009) Industrial uses for crops baoplastics. Leaflet of HGCA project report no. 450 Industrial uses for crops Markets for bioplastics Barnard GN, Sanders JK (1989) The poly-fS-hydroxybutyrate granule in vivo. A new insight based on NMR spectroscopy of whole cells. J Biol Chem 264 3286-3291 Basiron Y (2007) Palm oil production through sustainable plantations. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 109 289-295... 

US DA (2008) Soybeans and oil crops market outlook. USDA Soybean Projections. PubUshedon http // www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/ SoyBeansOilCrops/2008baseline.htm (accessed December 2009). Washington U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Economic Research Service (ERS). 

Until now, biofuels have had only small effects on world food prices but, although it is smaller than the increase in food and feed, biofuel demand is the largest source of new demand in recent decades and a strong factor underpinning the upward shift in agriculture commodity prices. The medium-term impact of biofuels on crop markets, at least until 2017, however, should not be overestimated, having had an influence on cereal and oilseed prices of 3% to, at most, 10% [13]. 

Non-food crops are viewed as a means to improve industrial sustainabihty, improve rural economies and increase crop biodiversity. Globally, governments have developed a raft of policies and strategies to stimulate non-food crop markets and technologies (Alcimed, 2007 Defra and DTI, 2007 Hodsman et al, 2005 Schmitz, 2007 U.S. Department of Energy, 2006). 

The UK is not self-sufficient in fresh produce. The proportion of crops marketed in the UK has generally decUned in recent years due to increased imports and in 2011 UK-produced crops accormted for 58% of vegetables and only 12% of fruit marketed in the UK (Table 17.1). Fresh produce crops are high value and UK fresh produce production is similar in value to the UK wheat crop. Defra produces a sirmmary of basic horticultural statistics each year where the area, volume and value of the main crops are summarised. 

One material dominates the worldwide oil crop market. This is rapeseed oil. Whilst this can obviously be used as food, a large percentage goes into non-food applications. Linseed oil is also used in a number of non-food applications and in order to support consumption and potential growth in the EU considerable quantities of vegetable oils have to be imported. Other oilseeds of importance include sunflower and soya. 

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