Soybeans crop plant

Mazza, C.A. et al.. Functional significance and induction by solar radiation of ultravioletabsorbing sunscreens in field-grown soybean crops. Plant Physiol, 122, 117, 2000. 

LPC Product Quality. Table 10 gives approximate analyses of several LPC products. Amino acid analyses of LPC products have been pubhshed including those from alfalfa, wheat leaf, barley, and lupin (101) soybean, sugar beet, and tobacco (102) Pro-Xan LPC products (100,103) and for a variety of other crop plants (104,105). The composition of LPCs varies widely depending on the raw materials and processes used. Amino acid profiles are generally satisfactory except for low sulfur amino acid contents, ie, cystine and methionine. 

Host resistance is the most environmentally and economically sound approach for nematode management, and in those crops where resistance pertains it has proved to be an extremely valuable commodity. For example, the introduction of the Heterodera glycinm-rcsistant cultivar Forrest saved soybean growers in the southern USA over US 400 million during a 5-year period (Bradley and Duffy, 1982). Regrettably, nematode resistance is yet to be identified for many crop plants, although several naturally... 

The methods developed using organic solvents are typically designed to maximize the use of crop plants. For example, in the case of the synthesis of PHA in seeds of oil crops, such as rapeseed or soybean, the extraction methods have the advantage that the oil can be recovered from the seeds as well as PHA, and that the residual meal can be used in animal feed (Fig. 5) [74-78]. In this process, the seeds containing oil and PHA are crushed and the oil is obtained with a... 

There are a number of possibilities for using plant secondary chemistry to control herbivory in crop plants. One possibility is to select for insect resistant lines and though it has been done in only a few cases, select for specific allomones. There are, however, some potential problems with this approach. There is a cost for the production of the secondary compounds which may be useful for defense ( ). Insect resistant soybean cultivars produce lower yields of seeds and accumulate nitrogen at a slower rate than insect susceptible varieties in the absence of herbivores 3 ). Conversely, varieties of crop plants selected for high yield are often more susceptible to insects, pathogens, and weeds (35). 

Water stress reduces the rate of photosynthesis in plants. In soybean crops, water stress leads to a loss of root integrity. The failure of the lower leaves to intercept light in a mature crop is compounded by the water-related limitations. The result is that lower leaves abscise and, because seed pods (yield) are supplied with assimilate mainly from leaves at the same nodal position on the stem, they in turn are lost and overall yield is reduced. The control of water stress in crops is a major PGR target in yield maintenance. The alleviation of water stress in developing crops, particularly in arid areas, is also desirable. 

These substances when mixed with soil kill weed seedlings but not crop plants such as cotton, soybeans, and peanuts. The activity is high normally only about 0.08 g meter-2 is required for good weed control. 

Bt crop A crop plant genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Current commercial Bt crops include Bt cotton, Bt corn, and Bt soybeans. 

Economies of scale have led to minimum capacities of about 2000-3000 metric tons per day for new United States regional soybean extraction plants, and larger facilities (4000-6000 tons per day) for soybean plants that pool some of their output for export. At the United States average yield of 38 bushels per acre, each 1000 metric tons per day solvent plant capacity requires the output of 966.65 acres per day, or 338,328 acres per year (136,975 ha). A 2750 metric tons per day plant would use the soybean crop of 930,402 acres per year (376,681 ha). An extraction plant of this size will support a 500 tons per day refin-... 

Many organic farmers plant a cover crop of winter rye on ridges prior to their soybean crop to assist in erosion and weed prevention. 

Soybean is the second largest crop plant in the U.S., accounting for about 28% of planted acreage, just behind com, which accounts for about 30%, and ahead of wheat, which accounts for about 23% (2). About 3 billion bushels of soybeans are grown annually in the U.S. The current market demand is about 2.9 billion bushels. Thus, there is a need to develop new uses for surplus soybeans in order to prevent price depression due to oversupply. 

The advantage for the farmer is that he needs only one product, instead of several different selective (and more expensive) herbicides. Roundup ready soybeans were launched in 1996 and today 50 percent of the soybean crop in the United States is derived from roundup ready seeds. Other glyphosate-resistant transgenic crops introduced by Monsanto are maize and oil seed rape. Competing companies also developed herbicide-resistant plants or plants genetically modified to be protected against certain pests, but none has achieved a commercial breakthrough, mainly because of political reasons. 

An important field study conducted at various sites throughout the United States involved the exposure of crop plants to either ambient air at each site, or to a typical background ozone concentration of 25 ppb. Symptoms of acute ozone injuries were observed at all five of the study sites, although the damages were more frequent and severe in the southwest. On average, it was estimated that exposures to ambient ozone concentrations caused yield decreases of about 53-56% in lettuce, 14-17% in peanut, 10% in soybean, and 7% in turnip. Overall, it has been estimated that ozone causes crop losses equivalent to 2-4% of the potential yield in the United States, resulting in 3 billion in agricultural losses each year. 

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