Costs enzymes

Xylose isomerases with higher thermostability were found in the strains of Streptomyces and relaxed Actinoplanaceae (which includes the generdLAmpullariella and Actinopianes). High thermo-tolerance is desirable for production of HFCS because at equilibrium, as the temperature of the enzyme reaction is increased, the ketose/aldose ratio increases proportionately 30). In addition, reactors running at higher temperatures have less risk of microbial contamination, allowing for less frequent and less costly enzyme replacement. 

Some of the high cost enzymes are concentrated by adsorption chromatography. After adsorption, the adsorbent with bound enzyme is centrifuged and washed in order to remove unbound protein and solutions. Elution is performed by manipulation of pH and/or ionic strength. 

The use of lipases in wastewater treatment in the food industry has been proposed to improve process efficiency (1,2). However, economical feasibility depends on low-cost enzyme preparations. Lipase production... 

Continuous High volumes of influent Costly enzymes... 

Many processes, including some that date back thousands of years, employ enzymes as disposable soluble reagents. Use of costly enzymes was economically prohibitive until the invention and extensive subsequent devel-... 

In case of reversible immobilization, minimum amount of the enzyme can be added, whenever required, to obtain optimum conversion rates. This results in considerable economy in cases where costly enzymes are required. 

Despite their extreme sensitivity, and sometimes high cost, enzymes are being increasingly used in industrial processes, especially the food industries. 

The reuse of an enzyme can be economically favorable when a high-cost enzyme is used. It can be difficult to separate and reuse an enzyme because enzymes are typically globular proteins that are highly soluble in water. A common technique to facilitate the reuse of a high-value enzyme is to immobilize the enzyme onto a surface, inside of an insoluble matrix or within a semipermeable membrane. Both chemical and physical means can be employed to immobilize enzymes. The former method involves the covalent attachment of enzymes to water-insoluble supports and is the most widely used method for enzyme immobilization. ... 

Fruit juice clarification by pectinases and cellulases is another interesting application. In the conventional process after the enzymatic reaction in the pulp treatment step takes place, filtration over diatomaceous earth follows. This filtration-type process produces a lot of solid waste, and results in costly enzyme loss. MBR are appropriate for such application either for enzyme recovery and recycle or in the form of a more compact CMR type system, with the biocatalyst immobilized on the membrane itself [4.58]. 

The process orientation of this book is illustrated by a comparison between chemical processes and bioprocesses such as simple fermentation or waste water treatment as a case of complex fermentation process from a process engineering viewpoint (Table 1.1). The advantages and disadvantages of the two processes are based on the characteristics of the catalysts. In comparison with the usual chemical catalysts, enzyme catalysts are both highly active and highly selective. In the last decades, even more active chemical catalysts have been developed however, this has been costly. Since isolation and purification of enzymes also have costs, enzymes in pure form are also not inexpensive. 

Spray drying has been utilized for decades and is still one of the common production methods for enzyme products. Other modes of drying such as freeze drying are typically costly and are not economically justified for the production of large volume, low cost enzyme product. 

Fixed raw materials cost - - enzyme cost + processing cost... 

Enzyme Commercially Available Enzyme is Proprietary to the Vendor In this situation, the vendor becomes responsible for all aspects of enzyme manufacture and formulation. If the enzyme of interest is one that is already being manufactured at very large scales for other industries, as is the case for many commodity enzymes (e.g., for commercial detergents), these can often be pircchased at very lorv cost. Enzymes offered solely for biocatalysis applications are usually more expensive. The main issue in both cases is that there is usually only a single supplier for the enzyme. 

---