Sourcing-related metrics

SOURCING-RELATED METRICS Sourcing decisions have a direct impact on the cost of goods sold and accounts payable. The performance of the source also affects quality, inventories, and inbound transportation costs. A manager should track the following sourcing-related metrics that influence supply chain performance ... 

Asbestos is released to water from a number of sources, including erosion of natural deposits and waste piles, corrosion from asbestos-cement pipes, and disintegration of asbestos roofing materials with subsequent transport via rainwater into cisterns, sewers, etc. (Millette et al. 1980). Waste water from asbestos-related industries may also carry significant burdens of asbestos fibers (EPA 1976). The total amount of asbestos released to water has been estimated to be 110,000-220,000 pounds (50-100 metric tons) per year (NRC 1984). 

Now we apply all this to elucidate the structure of accretion disks near Schwarzschild BHs. Ignoring fluid and magnetohydrodynamic effects, we consider free particles in circular orbits on the equatorial plane of the Schwarzschild metric. A key question is what is the relation between the azimuthal frequency ua and the radius r of the orbit. For example, the frequencies of the quasiperiodic oscillations (QPOs) seen in some galactic X-ray sources are thought to reflect the va of close-in orbits. 

The negative-ion properties have not been measured directly. Therefore, it is necessary to combine data from different sources to obtain the dimensionless parameters to define the curves. Three data points on the curve will define a negative-ion curve. The Herschbach metrics EDEA, Ea, and VEa give kA and kR from equations 7.3 and 7.6 since the De(X2(—)) are directly related to the Ea and EDEA. This only gives two constants since the EDEA is a displacement of the negative-ion curve from the neutral, and a third point is required. The v,.(X2( )) or re(X2(—)) gives kR from equation 7.4 or 7.5 to define the anion Morse potentials. 

Secondly, the above issues then need to be placed in a concentration-effect relationship. The main issue then is the determination of the appropriate dose metric. What is the amount (or concentration) of the chemical under study that is responsible for the effect In other words how do we determine the appropriate exposure at the site of toxic action related to the primary chemico-biological interaction that forms the basis of the compound s toxicity The commonly used practice is to relate the effects to the nominal concentration, i.e., the amount of compound added to the in vitro system divided by its volume. If data from this exposure-effect relationship are to be the basis of an estimation of risk for an organism, this approach may be a source of errors in those cases where the local exposure of the cells in vitro differs from the exposure of targets in the in vivo situation [9], These differences can result from differences in protein binding in plasma vs. culture medium or other processes that may influence the local exposure at the target, e.g., binding to culture plastic [10, 11], More appropriate dose metrics, depending on the in vitro system as well as on the chemical s mechanism of action, may be the freely available concentration, either as the peak concentration or as the area under the curve (AUC) for the free concentration, or the intracellular concentration [12]. 

The body gets its energy through the processes known collectively as metabolism, which will be discussed in detail in subsequent chapters on biochemistry and nutrition. The primary energy sources for the body are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, which we obtain from the foods we eat. The amount of energy available from a given foodstuff is related to the Calories (C) available in the food. Calories are a measure of the energy and heat content that can be derived from the food. One (food) Calorie (symbolized by C) equals 1000 (metric) calories (symbolized by c) ... 

Of the various pharmaceuticals derived from plants, the Cinchona alkaloids are probably, by volume the largest market, with an estimated production of 300-500 metric tons a year of pure quinine (32) and quinidine (33). These alkaloids are extracted from the bark of Cinchona trees, which require about 10 years to mature before harvesting. Furthermore most of the plantations are in areas not easily accessible, often threatened by infections with Phytophthora cinnamomi. This leads to many uncertainties in planning of the production, and as a result alternative sources for the alkaloids are of interest. Various synthetic aproaches have been used (552) but are not of industrial interest. Therefore, interest in biotechnological approaches is large. Patents related to the production of quinoline alkaloids by means of plant cell cultures are summarized in Table XXVIII. 

Quantitative assessment of individual source contribution to specific particle metrics presents another challenge. Again, there is a reasonably good understanding and quantification in relation to some of the metrics, such as PM2.5 or PMio. However, there is httle information available regarding particle number (further complicated by the issue of secondary particle formation), and it is almost... 

This chapter is an overview of competitive technologies touching on key issues. The reader is then directed to other sources for a deep dive into the technologies. A summary of references with comments on their focus is provided for the reader at the end of the chapter. The technologies will be compared in terms of their use and performance in the three aforementioned top-level application categories. The strengths and weakness of the technologies will be related to the key metrics already discussed. 

In contrast, internal metrics are obtained from the source code, and provide information to improve software development. A number of authors have looked at the relation between internal metrics and GUI quality. 

The architecture metrics are primarily used to assess the architecture. Top failure metrics rely on the realized design— the final product. Therefore, there are essential more in depth requirements for the accuracy of the failure rates. Their influence factors and the relation of the results are often based on different data sources. 

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