Sound-insulated buildings

Crushers Installation in enclosed sound-insulated buildings, preferably below floor level. Open side of building facing away from adjacent residents, if possible. Receiving hopper for stone tipped from trucks to have rubber lining and, preferably, a "cushioning" layer of material kept permanently in it. Soundproofed control cab for operating personnel. 

Mills Acoustic enclosure of the mill shell obstructs heat dissipation and makes inspection difficult, i. e., is not satisfactory. Boltless liner plates on rubber backing, or rubber liners, do not sufficiently reduce noise emission. A commonly employed and generally satisfactory solution is as follows Whole grinding plant with all its noise sources (mill, drive, air separator, conveyors, elevators, filters, etc.) accommodated in a closed sound-insulated building with central control room for operators and with additional ventilation (see Funke, 1969 and 1973, Techn. Merkblatt, Bundesverband der Deutschen Kalkindustrie, 1975). 

Planetary coolers Acoustic screening wall with ventilation openings or fixed enclosure with ventilating fans, or movable enclosure around noisiest part of the cooler, provided (if necessary) with cooling fans if no water spraying system for cooling the tubes is installed. A more radical solution is to accommodate the whole kiln and planetary cooler in a closed sound-insulated building with air intake fans and with exhaust air outlets provided with sound attenuators (silencers) (see Funke, 1973). 

Gas pressure reducing stations and pipelines Closed sound-insulated buildings or acoustic enclosures. Sound-insulating lagging around pipelines. Sound attenuators in the pipes. Acoustic covers over valves. 

Standard Test Methodfor Measurement of Airborne Sound Insulation in Buildings, ASTM E336-90, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1990. 

Loose asbestos fibers, or formulations containing asbestos fibers for spray coatings, have been widely used in the building industry for fire protection and heat or sound insulation. Such applications used mainly chrysotile or amosite but, because of health concerns, this practice has been discontinued. 

The main field of polyurethane application is the furniture industry, around 30% of the total polyurethanes produced worldwide is used for the production of mattresses from flexible slabstock foams. Automotive manufacture is the second important application for flexible and semiflexible polyurethanes (seat cushioning, bumpers, sound insulation, and so forth). Rigid polyurethane foams are used in thermal insulation of buildings and refrigerators, cold stores, pipe insulation, refrigerated transport, thermal insulation in chemical and food industries. The polyurethane elastomers are used for shoe soles,... 

Consequently, major markets for these products are modular floor panels, caravan manufacture, insulated building panels, kitchen scouring pads and sound-insulation materials along with Automotive applications such as upholstery, door trims and head linings. 

By using polymers, proper sound insulation can be achieved easily and effectively. Cellular plastic materials (with open celled flexible structures) are shown to be very effective in sound insulation (either for impact noise from footsteps and movement on the top floors of a building, which can usually be eliminated by floor insulation, or airborne noise, which is from noises in the neighbourhood or the street, and which needs wall/party wall insulation for its elimination). Open cell flexible cellular plastic materials also provide acoustic insulation at high frequencies. 

Building materials used for thermal or sound insulation could contribute to the spread of fire. Only approved fire resisting materials should be used. 

With all types of clinker cooler in locations susceptible to noise nuisance it is therefore necessary to apply noise control measures. Appropriate sound insulation arrangements are most elaborate and expensive in the case of planetary coolers because of the sheer size of the noise source, the elevated position thereof and the high ambient temperatures due to radiation and convection of heat. Depending on the distance from the cooler to adjacent residential areas, arrangements such as sound-attenuating walls, movable noise suppression covers or sometimes even totally closed buildings with forced ventilation may be necessary. 

Restricting the number of doors, windows and ventilation openings in the buildings to the essential minimum also, the doors, etc. should if possible be located on the side facing away from the adjacent residents, taking due account of sound reflection from the walls of any other buildings at the rear. For the environmental comfort of plant operating personnel, the control rooms should adequately sound-insulated. 

ISO 717-1 2013, 2013. Acoustics—Rating of sound insnlation in buildings and of building elements—Part 1 Airborne sound insulation. International Organization for Standardization. 

ISO 10140-1, 2010. Acoustics—Laboratory measurement of sound insulation of building elements— Part 1 Application rules for specific products. International Organization for Standardization. 

ISO 15186-2 2003, 2003. Acoustics—Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of bnilding elements nsing sound intensity—Part 2 Field measurements. International Organization for Standardization. 

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