Solvent toxicity

Polymer Solvent. Sulfolane is a solvent for a variety of polymers, including polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(vinyhdene cyanide), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(vinyl fluoride), and polysulfones (124—129). Sulfolane solutions of PAN, poly(vinyhdene cyanide), and PVC have been patented for fiber-spinning processes, in which the relatively low solution viscosity, good thermal stabiUty, and comparatively low solvent toxicity of sulfolane are advantageous. Powdered perfluorocarbon copolymers bearing sulfo or carboxy groups have been prepared by precipitation from sulfolane solution with toluene at temperatures below 300°C. Particle sizes of 0.5—100 p.m result. 

Toxicity. Low toxicity from solvent-vapor inhalation or skin contac t is preferred because of potential exposure during repair of equipment or while connections are being broken after a solvent transfer. Also, low toxicity to fish and bioorganisms is preferred when extraction is used as a pretreatment for wastewater before it enters a biotreatment plant and with final effluent discharge to a stream or lake. Often solvent toxicity is low if water solubility is high. 

Phenolic-neoprene contact cements are used for structural metal-metal bonding. especially where fatigue resistance and low temperature performance are important [209]. They are also used for bonding textiles, wood, rubbers, plastics, ceramics, and glass to metal and to one another. Solvent toxicity and flammability has greatly reduced the use of contact cements in the wood products industry. Water-based contact cements persist, but generally do not perform as well as the solvent systems, thus allowing market erosion by alternative binders. 

Cavanagli, j. B. (1985). Mechanism of organic solvent toxicity Morphological chaiigts, WHO Environmental Health Series 5, T10-135. 

Alternatives to compounding in the melt are solution mixing or powder blending of solid particles. Mixing with the aid of solvents can be performed at lower temperatures with minimal shear. However, difficulties in removal of the solvent results in plasticization of tJie polymer matrix and altered erosion/drug release performance in addition to residual solvent toxicity concerns. Powder blending at room temperature minimizes thermal/shear stresses, but achieving intimate mixtures is difficult. 

Cornish HH and Adefuin J. 1966. Ethanol potentiation of halogenated aliphatic solvent toxicity. Amind Hyg Assoc J 27 57-61. 

Chlorinated organic compounds (dioxins, other halocarbons) Combustion of municipal wastes, paper processing, cleaning solvents Toxic effects including birth defects, reproductive failure, cancer, and systemic poisoning. 

Mutti, A., Falzoi, M., Romanelli, A., Bocchi, M.C., Ferroni, C. Franchini, 1. (1988) Brain dopamine as a target for solvent toxicity effects of some monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicology, 49, 77-82... 

Attempts to extract salvinorin by amateurs are fraught with danger including solvent toxicity, fire, explosion and overdosing. This FAQ will not give recipes telling how to extract salvinorin but if you are willing to study source material the procedures are published in the scientific literature. 

MW 78.12 CAS [71-43-2] occurs in gasoline and coal-tar distillation products used as a solvent and in organic synthesis colorless liquid with characteristic odor boils at 80.1°C freezes at 5.5°C vapor pressure 76 torr at 20°C density 0.88 g/L slightly soluble in water (1.78 g/L) readily miscible with organic solvents toxic and carcinogenic flammable. 

Numerous industrial operations involve a heat transfer between a liquid phase and a gaseous phase, with an important mass transfer effect, either as desorption-evaporation or as absorption-condensation. Here are some examples reconcentration, by evaporation, of solvents, toxic industrial effluents production, by absorption, of industrial aqueous acid solutions reversible or irreversible chemical reactions (oxidation, hydrogenation, sulfonation) purification of permanent gases (air, smoke) by scrubbing of soluble vapors desorbers and absorbers for heat pumps, where these two operations occur simultaneously. 

Ethylhexanol, CH3(CH2)3CH-(C2H5)CH2OH 2-Ethylhexyl alcohol important industrial solvent toxicity similar to those of butyl alcohols... 

Toxic effects of chemicals can range from mild and reversible (e.g., headache from inhaling petroleum naphtha vapors that disappears with fresh air) to serious and irreversible (e.g., liver or kidney damage from excessive exposures to chlorinated solvents). Toxic effects from chemical exposure depend on the severity of the exposures. Greater exposure and repeated exposure generally lead to more severe effects. 

The safety aspects of ozonization—i.e., ozone, pyridine, and solvent toxicity, explosive nature of oxygen—hydrocarbon mixtures, etc., need to be considered in the design and running of any ozonization process, especially large scale operations. However, with the proper design and operating conditions the problems involved are surmountable. 

The introduction of chlorinated solvents in the 1920s led to reports of solvent toxicity. Although the variety and number of organic solvents range in the thousands, only a few have been well studied and tested to know the possible human health effects. 

Rosenberg, N.L. and C.W. Sharp. Solvent Toxicity A Neurological Focus, Inhalant Abuse A Volatile Research Agenda, eds. C.W. Sharp, F. Beauvais, and R. Spence. Research Monograph 129. NIH Pub. No. 93-3475. Rockville, MD National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1992, pp. 117-171. 

One of the first questions that arises in the development of SCF reaction schemes concerns the criteria for selecting an SCF medium for a given reaction. The selection depends upon several factors, viz., density, transport properties, inertness or reactivity of the chosen solvent, toxicity, and phase and reaction equilibria, to mention a few. The two latter factors, viz., phase and reaction equilibria, may be as important as the other selection factors and have, as yet, received little attention. 

Endrin is slightly corrosive to metals. As a solid it is not combustible however, it may be dissolved in a flammable solvent. Toxic hydrogen chloride and phosgene may be generated when a solution of endrin burns. Endrin is incompatible with strong oxidizers, strong acids, and parathion. 

Given the common formulation of pyrethroids with volatile solvents such as xylene, symptoms of poisoning can be complicated by solvent toxicity, and solvents may also introduce additional skin effects. Mild poisoning symptoms may also be amplified by anxiety, which may itself be precipitated by fear or by the disconcerting paresthesia resulting from dermal contact with pyrethroids. 

In short- and long-term toxicity studies on Stoddard Solvent, the central nervous system (CNS), respiratory system, liver, and kidney were generally found to be the target of Stoddard Solvent toxicity. 

Iregren A. Subjective and objective signs of organic solvent toxicity among occupationally exposed workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 1986 12 469-75. 

Cornish HH, Ling BP, Barth ML. 1973. Phenobarbital and organic solvent toxicity. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 34 487-492. 

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