Solubility tetrachloromethane

If an aqueous solution of a compound is shaken with another liquid that is immiscible (mutually insoluble) with water, some of the compound may dissolve in the other solvent. For example, molecular iodine, I>, is very slightly soluble in water but is highly soluble in tetrachloromethane, CC14, which is immiscible with water. When tetrachloromethane is added to water containing iodine, most of the iodine dissolves in the CC14. The solute is said to partition itself between the two solvents. Solvent extraction is used to obtain plant flavors and aromas from aqueous slurries of the plant that have been crushed in a blender. 

The sulfanes are soluble in carbon disulfide, benzene, tetrachloromethane, and dry diethylether (decreasingly so in that order) while alcohols and aqueous systems initiate rapid decomposition. For this reason a report on the chromatographic separation of the sulfanes H2S by reversed-phase HPLC using methanol as an eluent [35] was shown to be in error The peaks observed in the chromatogram have to be assigned to bismethoxy oligosulfanes... 

The degradation of tetrachloromethane by a strain of Pseudomonas sp. presents a number of exceptional features. Although was a major product from the metabolism of CCI4, a substantial part of the label was retained in nonvolatile water-soluble residues (Lewis and Crawford 1995). The nature of these was revealed by the isolation of adducts with cysteine and A,A -dimethylethylenediamine, when the intermediates that are formally equivalent to COClj and CSClj were trapped—presumably formed by reaction of the substrate with water and a thiol, respectively. Further examination of this strain classified as Pseudomonas stutzeri strain KC has illuminated novel details of the mechanism. The metabolite pyridine-2,6-dithiocarboxylic acid (Lee et al. 1999) plays a key role in the degradation. Its copper complex produces trichloromethyl and thiyl radicals, and thence the formation of CO2, CS2, and COS (Figure 7.64) (Lewis et al. 2001). 

Isomerically pure chlorofullerene C oClg has been reported to be the predominant product of the reaction of with an excess of iodine monochloride in benzene or toluene at room temperature (Scheme 9.11) [79], The product is very soluble in benzene, carbon disulfide and tetrachloromethane. Deep orange crystals can be obtained by recrystallization from pentane. The synthesis of CjoClg using toluene as a solvent proceeds more slowly than with benzene, indicating that radicals are involved and are scavenged by the toluene [79],... 

Most determinations are performed in chloroform-d or tetrachloromethane with the latter solvent generally allowing larger shift differences Ar sAS. Pentane may also be used, although solubility problems and interfering resonances of the solvent may restrict its use80. 

Br2 is much more soluble in tetrachloromethane, CCI4, than in water. Explain. 

The mixture of chromium trioxide with one equivalent of trimethylsilyl chloride, with no solvent added, results in the formation of an explosive red liquid that is soluble in dichloromethane or tetrachloromethane.428 It is suggested, with no spectroscopic evidence, that it consists of trimethylsilyl chlorochromate [Me3Si-0-Cr(0)2-Cl]. This compound, which can safely be used in organic solvents, is able to oxidize alcohols to aldehydes or ketones, and interacts with r-butyldimethylsilyl ethers producing deprotection, followed by oxidation of the liberated alcohol.138 Compounds analogue to trimethylsilyl chlorochromate are also able to oxidize alcohols, although they possess lesser reactivity. They can be prepared by reaction of chromium trioxide with dimethyldichlorosilane and diphenyldichlorosilane.428b... 

Synonyms tetrachloromethane, tetrachlorocarbon Formula CC14 MW 153.81 CAS [56-23-5] used as a solvent colorless liquid with characteristic odor boils at 76.7°C freezes at -23°C vapor pressure 89.5 torr at 20°C density 1.59 g/mL at 20°C shghtly soluble in water ( 800 mg/L) miscible with organic solvents. 

On the assumption that the solutions are dilute and that there is no direct association of the solute with the solvent, then the only way that the solvent affects the solubility is via its solubility parameter, 5r For a given solute, and since the term involving 8, is negative, the more the solubility parameter of the solvent differs from that of the solute, the lower the solubility. Since the term in the solubility parameters is squared, the difference may be either positive or negative to provide the same effect. As already specified above, this behaviour is observed (Shinoda 1978) when only dispersion forces between solute and solvent are operative. If, however, electron-pair donation and acceptance between them come into play, as with C02 as the solute in aromatic solvents or tetrachloromethane, then a somewhat higher solubility than Eq. (2.10) predicts is observed. 

Note Nonpolar solvent soluble in alcohols, ethers, chloroform, benzene, and most fixed and volatile oils insoluble in water nonflammable extremely toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption carcinogenic incompatible with allyl alcohol, silanes, triethyldialuminum, and many metals (e.g., sodium). Synonyms tetrachloromethane, perchloromethane, methane tetrachloride, Halon-104. 

Reported aqueous solubilities of tetrachloromethane at various temperatures... 

FIGURE 5.1.1.4.1 Logarithm of mole fraction solubility (In x) versus reciprocal temperature for tetrachloromethane. 

If a nonpolar component (aliphatic hydrocarbon or tetrachloromethane) is added, almost nothing happens (Figure 3.8a). The solubility of octane in either the micellar solution or the liquid crystal is very limited. This is true of any molecule exhibiting only dispersion cohesive forces (induced dipole-induced dipole van der Waals forces). 

The SPM content of the water sample is not critical for the analyses of water-soluble compounds such as some pesticides (e.g., alachlor, atrazine, simazine, diuron, isoproturon) and volatile compounds (benzene, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloromethane, trichloroethane, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, tetrachloromethane, trichlorobenzene, naphthalene). These compounds can be analysed in the whole water or in the filtered sample. 

Solvents such as hexane and tetrachloromethane are soluble in similar solvents (such as hydrocarbons) because the London dispersion forces between the two different kinds of molecules are roughly equal to (or greater than) the London dispersion forces between the same molecules. For example, hexane dissolves in heptane because the forces between the heptane and hexane molecules are at least equal to those between heptane and heptane or between hexane and hexane molecules. If water is added to heptane or hexane, the water molecules stick together and form a separate phase because the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules are much stronger than the forces between the water and hydrocarbon molecules. 

Carbon tetrachloride, or tetrachloromethane, is a nonflammable, noncorrosive, colorle.ss liquid with a molecular weight or 153>84, a specific gravity of 1.58 (25 C), a boiling point of 76.76 C, a freezing point of -22.8 C, a vapor pressure of 89.5 mm 20 C, a vapor density of 5.6 water solubility of 0.28 g/kg at 25 C, a miscibility with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, petroleum ether, and oils and is generally inert but can be decomposed in water at high temperatures (10-12), The odor threshold for CCljj has been reported at 60-70 ppm (13), at 21-100 ppm (liJ.), at approximately 50 ppm ( 1 ) and at a threshold of detection of 79 ppm with a strong odor at 176 ppm (10). 

Systems Containing More Than Two Components. As in binary systems, the behavior of systems containing more than two components can be understood on the basis of intermolecular forces and solubility parameters. Water and tetrachloromethane have widely differing solubility and hydrogen bond parameters, and are therefore immiscible. Added acetone dissolves partly in the aqueous phase due to hydrogen bond formation, and partly in the tetrachloromethane phase due to dispersion and induction forces. Twice as much acetone dissolves in the aqueous phase as in tetrachloromethane. On increasing the acetone concentration a homogeneous solution is obtained. The added solvent thus acts as a solubilizer for the two immiscible solvents. 

All six compounds are colorless liquids, soluble in alcohol, petroleum ether, and tetrachloromethane, they are easily oxidized and rapidly lose their activity in light and air and are also sensitive towards moisture and alkali. They are contact poisons that rapidly enter the nervous system and induce the characteristic symptoms in insects (high excitation, followed by impairments of coordination, paralysis, and finally death). The first effect starts rapidly, i.e., the insect is unable to move within a few minutes. This knock-down effect, especially in flies, is only achieved by a few insecticides. However, the dose required for this effect is usually not sufficient to cause death since the active principles of P. undergo rapid detoxification by enzymatic oxidation in the insects, thus some of the afflicted insects can recover. This can be prevented by the addition of synergists or active principles of the phosphoric acid ester and carbamate type. R, especially under the recommended conditions of use, is relatively harmless for humans and warm-blooded animals (birds, mammals). The synthetic pyrethroids, devel-... 

FIGURE 8.29 UV-Vis-NIR spectra of PPy-DBSA films cast from the solutions in (a) chloroform, (b) chlorobenzene, and (c) tetrachloromethane containing extra DBSA which is removed by washing after evaporation of the solvent. (From Song, K.T., Synthesis of electrically conducting soluble polypyrrole and its characterization. Ph.D. thesis, 2000. With permission.)... 

Very soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, less soluble in ethylacetate, practically insoluble in ether, trichloroethylene, tetrachloromethane Neutral... 

Unlike ionic solids, they are soluble in tetrachloromethane and petrol. 

---