Solubility effective

The present survey will be confined to corrosion arising as a result of oxidation of the metal to ions, since little information on corrosion involving only metal-solubility effects is available. 

In some cases the use of nitrosylsulfuric acid may be avoided if 1-naphthalenesul-fonic acid is added to moderately concentrated sulfuric acid (20-60%). This greatly reduces the evolution of nitrous fumes compared with a solution of pure sulfuric acid of the same hydrogen ion concentration. It has not yet been investigated whether the phenomenon is due to the formation of an ion pair, [C10H7 —SO NO+], or whether it is simply a solubility effect. In any case, the total acidity range of 4-12 m has thereby become available for diazotization technically crude sulfonation mixtures are used after dilution with water, for example, a solution of total acidity 4 m, of which 2.7 m is due to sulfuric acid. A further advantage of the method lies in the stabilizing effect of the naphthalenesulfonic acid on the diazonium compounds formed (see Sec. 2.3). 

Cone angle concepts, 2,1012-1028 chelate effects, 2,1012 definitions, 2,1015 models, 2,1015 phosphines chiral, 2,1014 polydentate, 2,1013 solubility effects, 2,1014 use, 2,1028... 

If NaOH powder or prills and powdered or granulated sodium monochloro-acetate (SMCA) is used the reaction is inhomogeneous. In this case solubility effects play, an important part. 

Fig. 6 Solubility effects on drug stability curve A, drug formulated as lOmg/mL solution (q/2 = 1 year) curve B, drug formulated as a suspension with a saturated solubility of 1 mg/mL (ti/2 = 7.3 years). 

Monomers Molecular structure Glass transition Order-crystallinity Type of material Solubility Effect of T°... 

In principle the wide range of stationary phases used in GLC can be used in liquid-liquid partition systems, but problems can arise from mutual solubility effects which may result in the stationary phase being stripped from the column. 

FIGURE 12.2 An illustration of the vapor pressure and solubility effects discussed in the text. Components A, B, and C have vapor pressures decreasing from A to B to C and have solubilities in the stationary phase increasing from A to B to C. 

A predicted solubility curve for Cimetidine in Ethanol is shown in Figure 18. The affect of temperature on solubility occurs through two mechanisms the ideal solubility effect (Eq. 3), and the temperature dependence of the activity coefficient, y. The second affect is not correlated by the NRTL-SAC model, however it is generally accepted that in most phase equilibria problems the affect of temperature on the activity coefficient is relatively small compared to the affect on ideal solubility. A further degree of caution should be applied when extrapolating in this manner, until experimental data are collected. 

Hileman GA, Upadrashta SM, Neau SH. Drug solubility effects on predicting optimum conditions for extrusion and spheronization of pellets. Pharm Dev Tech 1997 2(l) 43-52. 

The soluble Kollidon products form reversible complexes with many hydrophobic active substances, and clear solutions in water are thus obtained. This may be affected by the molecular weight. The longer the chains or the higher the -value of the Kollidon type are, the stronger the solubility effect is, and thus the greater the solubility that can be obtained by the active substance. In practice, this effect was mostly exploited for the solubilization of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine. There are also restrictions on the use of this substance in human parenter-als. In many countries the -value must not exceed 18, and there is also a restriction on the amount to be used for each dose administered in intramuscular application. 

Schulman (51) on Li, Na, and K stearates. The NH4OH and LiOH curves are similar in shape to the HC1 curve. The CsOH, RbOH, KOH, and NaOH curves are highly expanded, with lower collapse pressures. The NaOH curve seems to exhibit unusually pronounced solubility effects at low surface areas. At areas greater than 50 sq. A. per molecule, the surface pressures for the soaps are still substantial (greater than 5 dynes per cm.), while they fall to near zero for the unionized fatty acid. 

In the supercritical phase, both temperature and pressure play a significant role in determining the extraction efficiency. After the short-lived retrograde solubility effect subsides at about 55-60°C, a transition of the system back to the mass transfer controlled situation will take place where increasing temperature will, once again, bring about a surge in the extraction efficiency. In fact, for the supercritical phase,... 

If two cations are present together, the one forming the more stable complex will generally precipitate at a lower pH, for differences in stability are usually more significant than differences in solubility. Anomalous and overriding solubility effects such as those noted with the copper and nickel chelates of DMG (see Section 10.2.1.2) are the exception rather than the rule.19 Under... 

The solubility of polymers is, for thermodynamic reasons, more restricted than the solubility of low-molecular compounds and, consequently, the choice of solvents is limited. Potential solvents for most synthetic polymers are of moderate polarity. Alcohols and liquids of similar polarity are precipitants for many synthetic polymers. The search for a mobile phase that enables RPC through solvophobic interactions between the polymer and the nonpolar stationary phase requires attempts to make the mobile phase an unfavorable environment for the solute. This easily conflicts with the narrow limits of solubility of the polymer under investigation. Solubility effects are known to occur even in low-molecular RPC 92 94), but in polymer RPC they even may govern retention. 

---