Effects on solubility

The solubility of shellfish muscle protein can be improved by reaction with glucose, solubility in 0.1 M sodium chloride reaching 83% when 60% of lysine residues have been modified, but decreasing progressively once 80% of residues have reacted.502 

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Pressure has a major effect on solubility only for gas-liquid systems. At a given temperature, raising the pressure increases the solubility of a gas. Indeed, at low to moderate pressures, gas solubility is directly proportional to pressure (Figure 10.5b). 

Before leaving the subject of distribution of electrons within molecules, and its attribution to the origin of molecular polarity, with consequent effect on intermolec-ular forces (with further consequent effects on solubilities and melting points), it is pertinent to remind ourselves of two significant challenges faced by chemistiy instractors (i) to graphically represent forces of attraction between molecules and (ii) to develop the imagery that in the liquid state, orientation of molecules toward each other because of polarities is transitory, even if more probable, as they move past each other. 

Hernandez, E. Chen, C.H. Shaw, P.E. Carter, R.D. Barros S. 1992. Ultrafiltration of orange juice Effect on soluble solids, suspended solids, and aroma. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40 986-988. 

Zwitterionic character is notable in several therapeutic area series, e.g. in angiotensin-converhng enzyme inhibitors, quinolone anhbacterials and thrombin inhibitors. The aqueous solubiUty measurement of zwitterions is very pH dependent as might be expected. The relationship of aqueous solubiUty to ionization state is extraordinarily complex if the zwitterion is of the type capable of an equi-Ubrium between true zwitterion and formally neutral forms (e.g. as in a quinolone antibacterial). For these types of complex equilibria, salt effects on solubility may be unexpectedly large, e.g. solubility unexpectedly may track with the chaotropic character of the salt... 

In general, solubility is mainly a function of temperature, generally increasing with increasing temperature. Pressure has a negligible effect on solubility. 

Effect of Additives. Table 2 lists the results of runs in which inorganic additives were used in the ZnCl -MeOH melt. Addition of 5 mole % ZnO had little effect on solubility and produced a surprising rise in H/C ratio of the MTC. The addition of 1 gm Zn powder had little effect in solubility, but slightly... 

Solvent additives to the melt (Table 3) fall into two categories extractive and reactive. The extractive solvents (decane, perchloroethane, o-dichlorobenzene, and pyrrolidine) had negligible effect on solubility, possibly due to the preferential wetting of the coal by the solvent and exclusion of the ZnCl2 melt. Reactive solvents (anthracene oil, indoline, cyclohexanol, and tetralin) all incorporated strongly. Donor solvents, tetralin and indoline, increase the "corrected solubility, whereas anthracene oil and cyclohexanol have negligible effect. 

The properties of hydroxyethylcellulose are like those of methylcellulose except for the fact that there is little or no temperature effect on solubility. The degree of substitution required to impart water solubility will depend both upon the degree of polymerization of the cellulose and upon the uniformity of substitution. It is of interest... 

Temperature effects on solubility products are readily assessed as most solubility reactions are clearly seen as endothermic and disorder increasing. Raising the temperature will thus increase Ksp together with the solubility of the solid. 

Anomeric alkylation has been extensively studied by Schmidt and co-workers,62 and the main alkylating agents used were dialkyl sulphates, benzyl bromide, allyl bromide63 or various O-triflates, allowing the synthesis of disaccharides.64 The stereochemical outcome of anomeric alkylation is known to depend on many parameters such as the base, the solvent and its effect on solubility and concentration, the temperature, chelation effects, presence of additives, and nature of the electrophilic species.62 65... 

Fig. 19. The extent of the liquid - solid interface, as long as this is plane, has no effect on solubility. When the small solid 1, in a conical container, dissolves, its interface with the solvent increases. When a material is deposited on the large solid 2, the surface area of the latter decreases...

At temperatures well below UCST, solubilities of hydrocarbons in water or water in hydrocarbons drop to very low values. The solutions are very nearly ideal in the Henry s law sense, and the isotope effects on solubility can be directly interpreted as the isotope effect on the standard state partial molar free energy of transfer from the Raoult s law standard state to the Henry s law standard state. Good examples include the aqueous solutions of benzene, cyclohexane, toluene,... 

Table 5.13 Solvent isotope effects on solubility of selected electrolytes in H20 Salt T/K Lh AL, %...

Van Hook, W. A. and Rebelo L. P. N. Isotope effects on solubility, in T. Letcher, T., ed., Developments and Applications in Solubility, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge (2007)... 

Chou, S.-F.J. and Griffin, R.A. Soil, clay and caustic soda effects on solubility, sorption and mobility of hexachlorocyc-lopentadiene. Environmental Geology Notes 104, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, 1983, 54 p. 

For the estimation of medium effects on solubility equilibria in mixtures of electrolytes involving ions of charge less than three, one may neglect 6 and j/ terms in Eq. (6.33). 

Favored for systems where temperature change has moderate effect on solubility. 

The present work seems to indicate that charge on the molecule is not an important consideration from the standpoint of alcohol reactivity electrolyte nature has a large effect on solubility, of course, and from this standpoint could affect reactivity. 

Pitha J, et al. Hydroxypropyl- 3-cyclodextrin preparation and characterization, effects on solubility of drags. Int J Phann 1986 29 73. 

Ionic strength Salts compete with water for the binding sites on amino acid side groups the amount of water bound to a protein is a function of salt concentration ( ]. The effect of ionic strength on protein functionality has been focused primarily on its effect on solubility ( ). Generally, protein solubility increases at low salt concentrations and decreases at high salt concentrations. 

Bocklis et al. (i) and Sergeeva et al. (9) have observed the salt effects on solubilities of benzoic acid in a few mixed solvents. However, upon review of their results and ours, no unified features of the dependence of the salting-out parameter on solvent composition were found. 

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