Inorganics, solubility salt effect

The occurrence of non-carbonaceous material in coals has been the subject of much research, especially in relation to its effect on utilization and ash formation (4-14). In contrast to high rank coals in which minerals constitute almost all of the non-carbonaceous fraction, the low rank coals have two categories of non-carbonaceous material minerals which occur as discrete particles of quartz, marcasite, clays, etc. and inorganics which occur as w er soluble salts and exchangeable ions such as NaCl,... 

Although the third component of these systems is usually a single inorganic salt, mixtures of two or more salts have been studied, and some research has been done with third components of low vapor pressure (18,19). Some qualitative studies have been done on salt effect in vapor-liquid equilibrium with salts which are either soluble in only one or both components, hygroscopic or non-hygro-scopic, etc. 

Seawater contains dissolved inorganic salts. An aqueous solution of about 35 gL-1 NaCl is often taken as a model solution for seawater. The salt effect on the solubility of nonelectrolyte organic compounds has been investigated systematically by Sechenov [68] and by Long and McDevit [69]. Correlations between pure water solubility, Sw, and the solubility at different salt concentrations are compound dependent. For example, the seawater solubility, 5SW, of PAHs are from 30 to 60% below their freshwater solubilities [1], depending on the particular structure of the PAH. We concentrate our interest on the question if, for certain compound classes, Ssw can be estimated from known Sw without any input of further compound-specific parameters. 

Salt formation, inorganic solubility, mass and heat transfer, transformation product identification, and effects of catalysts and additives are all... 

Within the refining environment, the field of crude-oil dehydration is viewed somewhat differently. The first process a crude oil (or blend of crude oils) is subjected to is the desalting process. This process was developed with the expectation that a crude oil will have a known water content (less than 0.5%) and a soluble inorganic chloride salts content associated with this water (formation waters from oil-field production may have salt contents approaching 300,000 rngl ). Salts may also occur in crystalline form dispersed within the oil. As these salts have considerable negative effects in the downstream processes of the refinery, it is desirable to remove them. 

Curphey and Daniel (1978) found the catalytic effect of this acid by serendipity. They observed that crude samples of 2.26 reacted with aqueous LiN02 much more rapidly than the recrystallized samples. TLC tests indicated iV-(trifluoroacetyl)serine as a likely catalytic impurity, and chloroacetic acid was selected as an acid of similar strength. Neither acetic nor hydrochloric acid was as effective. The authors chose LiN02 rather than NaN02, because inorganic Li salts are soluble in the ethanol used for purification of azaserine (Curphey, 1989). 

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