Solids Glass Ionic compounds

Corrosion can also occur by a direct chemical reaction of a metal with its environment such as the formation of a volatile oxide or compounds, the dissolution of metals in fused metal halides. The reaction of molybdenum with oxygen and the reaction of iron or aluminum with chlorine are typical examples of metal/gas chemical reactions. In these reactions, the metal surface stays film-free and there is no transport of electrical charge.1 Fontana and Staehle2 have stated that corrosion should include the reaction of metals, glasses, ionic solids, polymeric solids and composites with environments that embrace liquid metals, gases, aqueous and other nonaqueous solutions. 

Interesting systems, mainly with respect to solid-state optoelectronics and chalco-genide glass sensors (due to ionic conductivity effects) are found among the Group IIIB (13) and IVB (14) chalcogenides, such as the p-type semiconductors MSe (M = Ga, In, Sn), SnS, and GeX (X = S, Se, Te). Some of the IIIB compounds. 

In matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) the sample is mixed with a suitable powdered solid-phase until a homogeneous dry, free flowing powder is obtained with the sample dispersed over the entire material. A wide variety of solid-phase materials can be used, but for the non-ionic surfactants usually a reversed-phase C18 type of sorbent is applied. The mixture is subsequently (usually dry) packed into a glass column. Next, the analytes of interest are eluted with a suitable solvent or solvent mixture. The competition between reversed-phase hydrophobic chains in the dispersed solid-phase and the solvents results in separation of lipids from analytes. Separation of analytes and interfering substances can also be achieved if polarity differences are present. The MSPD technique has been proven to be successful for a variety of matrices and a wide range of compounds [43], thanks to its sequential extraction matrices analysed include fish tissues [44,45] as well as other diverse materials [46,47]. 

The idea that ions can diffuse as rapidly in a solid as in an aqueous solution or in a molten salt may seem astonishing. However, since the 1960s, a variety of solids that include crystalline compounds, glasses, polymers, and composite materials with exceptionally high ionic conductivities have been discovered. Materials that conduct anions (e.g. and 0 ) and cations including monovalent (e.g. H+, Fi+, Na+, Cu+, Ag+), divalent, and even trivalent and tetravalent ions have been synthesized. A variety of names that have been used for these materials include solid electrolytes, superionic conductors, and fast-ionic conductors. Solid electrolytes arguably provides the least misleading and broadest description for this class of materials. 

Cleaning liquids, cleaning compounds, and cleaning fluids remove unwanted materials (soil such as oil, sugars, proteins, dust, lubricants, etc.) from a solid substrate (fabrics and fibrous materials and hard surfaces like glass, metal, and painted surfaces) by bringing the soil into mechanical suspension or colloidal, molecular, or ionic solution in some solvent. The nature of the solvent provides a means of classification. 

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