Solids fundamental properties

Bacci M (1984) The Role of Vibronic Coupling in the Interpretation of Spectroscopic and Structural Properties of Biomolecules. 55 67-99 Baekelandt BG, Mortier WJ, Schoonheydt RA (1993) The EEM Approach to Chemical Hardness in Molecules and Solids Fundamentals and Applications. 80 187-228 Baker EC, Halstead GW, Raymond KN (1976) The Structure and Bonding of 4/and 5/Series Organometallic Compounds. 25 21-66 Baibas LC, see Alonso JA (1987) 66 41-78 Baibas LC, see Alonso JA (1993) 80 229-258... 

Overall, this chapter aimed to emphasize and demonstrate the great potential of utilizing a multidisciplinary approach to bimetallic systems that combines computational methods with a number of highly sophisticated in situ and ex situ surface-sensitive techniques at electrified solid-liquid interfaces. Advances in the understanding of fundamental properties that govern catalytic processes at well-defined multimetallic... 

A fundamental property of a substance is the tendency for its atoms or molecules to spread into the surrounding space. A consequence of this property is the observed vapor pressure of liquids and solids. In order to understand the effects of the formation of a solution on this property, reference may be drawn to a solution consisting of two substances, A and B, with A being the solvent and B the solute. If the vapor pressure, PA, of the solvent over the solution is considered, it is clear that it must be proportional to the amount of A present in the solution. Thus,... 

Using solid-state physics and physical metallurgy concepts, advanced non-destructive electronic tools can be developed to rapidly characterize material properties. Non-destructive tools operate at the electronic level, therefore assessing the electronic structure of the material and any perturbations in the structure due to crystallinity, defects, microstructural phases and their features, manufacturing and processing, and service-induced strains.1 Electronic, magnetic, and elastic properties have all been correlated to fundamental properties of materials.2 5 An analysis of the relationship of physics to properties can be found in Olson et al.1... 

Dobbs RA, Wang L, Govind R. 1989. Sorption of toxic organic compounds on wastewater solids Correlation with fundamental properties. Environ Sci Technol 23 1092-1097. 

Fine particle powders can be produced by various methods, such as micronization or spray drying. The physicochemical nature of these fine particles largely defines the stability of the bnlk powder, which in turn is critical to the long-term effective performance of the dry powder product. The section Fine Particles and the Solid State in this article is an introduction to understanding better the fundamental properties that underlie the behavior of bulk powders. Commentary on the various means of producing fine powders follows in the section Powder Production Formulation and Processing. ... 

It is beyond the scope of this Chapter to discuss all kinds of various coating techniques, properties of the supports, properties of the coatings and the various fields of application of the composites in catalysis, separation techniques, materials science, colloid science, sensor technology, biocompatible materials, biomi-metic materials, optics etc. The scope had to be restricted to the fundamental properties of ultrathin organic layers on solid supports followed by some examples, outlining the benefit of the tailored functional surfaces such as SAM and polymer brushes for catalysis. 

Coals are considered macromolecular solids.(l) Although they are not polymers in the sense that they possess a repeating unit, they do possess several fundamental properties typical of synthetic crosslinked polymers.(2) One of these properties is the ability of coals to swell in organic solvents without dissolving. 

The ultimate aim of scientists has always been to be able to see molecules while active. In order to achieve this goal, the microscope should be able to operate under ambient conditions. Further, all kinds of molecular interactions between a solid and its environment (gas or liquid or solid), initially, can take place only via the surface molecules of the interface. It is obvious that, when a solid or liquid interacts with another phase, knowledge of the molecular structures at these interfaces is of interest. The term surface is generally used in the context of gas-liquid or gas-solid phase boundaries, while the term interface is used for liquid-liquid or liquid-solid phases. Furthermore, many fundamental properties of surfaces are characterized by morphology scales of the order of 1 to 20 nm (1 nm = 10-9 m = 10 A (Angstrom = 10-8 cm). 

Often it is necessary to know the quantity of surface of a solid which is available for a certain application. This fundamental property of the solid is called the specific surface area and is generally given as the number of m2/g or m2/cm3 of solid. 

Both the controversy initiated through these early investigations, and the fundamentally interesting properties of the transition metal carbides and nitrides, have stimulated tremendous interest in providing a model for the bonding in these materials. As electronic structure calculations have become more common as a tool in the study of solid state properties, numerous models have been proposed.12 19... 

The most fundamental properties of a chemical substance are those of the substance in pure form, in most cases as a solid or liquid. Molecular mass can be deduced readily from the chemical formula or structure, although a range of values may exist for commercial mixtures. In some cases, the substance may adopt different structural (e.g., cis-trans) or enantiomeric forms, usually with relatively small physical property differences but with potentially substantial differences in ability to induce toxicity or other biological responses. The hexachlorocyclohexane isomers and enantiomers are examples, the insecticide lindane or y HCH being the most active form. 

D.J. Mason, P. Marjanovic, Re-Visit of the fundamental definitions of fluid-solids flow properties in freight pipelines, Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Freight Pipelines, Monterrey, Mexico, April 1998. 

Physical property data for many of the key components used in the simulation for the ethanol-from-lignocellulose process are not available in the standard ASPEN-Plus property databases (11). Indeed, many of the properties necessary to successfully simulate this process are not available in the standard biomass literature. The physical properties required by ASPEN-Plus are calculated from fundamental properties such as liquid, vapor, and solid enthalpies and density. In general, because of the need to distill ethanol and to handle dissolved gases, the standard nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) or renon route is used. This route, which includes the NRTL liquid activity coefficient model, Henry s law for the dissolved gases, and Redlich-Kwong-Soave equation of state for the vapor phase, is used to calculate properties for components in the liquid and vapor phases. It also uses the ideal gas at 25°C as the standard reference state, thus requiring the heat of formation at these conditions. 

One of the fundamental issues in interfacial supramolecular assemblies is how the solid substrate interacts with the molecular components and how the photophysical and electrochemical behaviors of the molecular components are affected by their interaction with this substrate. In order to assess this interaction, as well as to be able to devise methods in which the properties of the assembly can be altered by modifications of the substrate, it is necessary to first consider the properties of the solid component. In this discussion, the fundamental properties of semiconductors and also the effect of particle size on these properties will be considered. 

As a rule, the modeling of solids behavior in fluidized-bed reactors is based on that in stirred tanks, and temperature homogeneity is a virtually fundamental property of these systems. 

Systematic study of the fundamental properties of airborne particles has been intermittent in the past. For some reason we, as a society, tend to look on everyday phenomena with blind acceptance, regarding what we see as so common that it never occurs to us to ask why. Why does a cloud remain airborne—and where does it come from and where does it go What is smoke —a solid or a gas (When asked this question on the first day of class, many of my students erroneously think that smoke is a gas.) Why are some dusts harmful and others not Or similarly, why is the same dust sometimes harmful while at other times it is not ... 

In previous chapters we have seen that the Hamiltonian describing a nuclear spin system is considerably simplified when molecules tumble rapidly and randomly, as in the liquid state. However, that simplicity masks some fundamental properties of spins that help us to understand their behavior and that can be applied to problems of chemical interest. We turn now to the solid state, where these properties often dominate the appearance of the spectra. Our treatment is limited to substances such as molecular crystals, polymers, and glasses, that is, solids in which there are well-defined individual molecules. We do not treat metals, ionic crystals, semiconductors, superconductors, or other systems in which delocalization of electrons is of critical importance. 

---