Solid-state forms

The orange complex, though quite air stable in the solid state, forms an irreversible dioxygen adduct (IR i/(0—O) 845 cm-1) in solution within a few minutes. The complex likewise adds H2, HC1, HBr and, reversibly, CO. An adduct with MeNC is formed by a photochemical route ... 

Ozone in the solid state forms explosive mixtures with liquid hydrogen. It also detonates in contact with iiquid nitrogen if there are metai impurities present. 

Water in the solid state forms mixtures that are very sensitive to impact with liquid fluorine, which, if they detonate, have the same disruptive property as trinitrotoluene. If water is in the liquid state, the explosion is instantaneous and equally violent. 

Ledwidge, M. T. Corrigan, O. I., Effects of surface active characteristics and solid state forms on the pH solubility profiles of drug-salt systems, Int. J. Pharm. 174, 187-200 (1998). 

Amorphous form provide the most rapid dissolution and the most often increased solubility by supersaturation however, practical usefulness is limited by stability issues, including transformation of the solid state form. 

To date, most small molecule-based OLEDs are prepared by vapor deposition of the metal-organic light-emitting molecules. Such molecules must, therefore, be thermally stable, highly fluorescent (in the solid state), form thin films on vacuum deposition, and be capable of transporting electrons. These properties limit the number of metal coordination compounds that can be used in OLED fabrication. 

The adducts Mn(S2PBu12)2(bipy) and Mn PBu Cphen) are octahedral and in solid state form supramolecular architectures through n—n interactions between the aromatic heterocyclic ligands.106 Technetium derivatives, important for radiological imaging, such as " TcN(S2PR2)2 (R = Me, Et, Pr, /-Pr), have been described.107... 

The solubility of the drug is affected by several physiological and physicochemical factors [26], Drug properties are defined not only by the chemical structure but also by the solid material, and a drug can potentially exist in many different solid state forms which may differ in solubility. Amorphous materials tend to show much higher aqueous solubility than crystalline forms of the same compound and different crystal modifications of the same compound may also have different solubility (e.g., [25]). 

Solubility is highly influenced by the solid-state form (e.g., crystalline or amorphous) of the drug. Rigorous solubility studies using the final solid form (i.e., salt form or crystal form) as a function of temperature (i.e., 25 and 37°C) and pH (range 1 to 7.5) are conducted during preformulation. Solubility in nonaqueous solvents is also screened. Solubility in simulated gastrointestinal fluids is also important. 

The hydration state of risedronate sodium was monitored continuously in a fluidized bed dryer and correlated to data on the physical stability of tablets made from the monitored material [275]. The final granulation moisture was found to affect the solid-state form, which in turn dictated the drug s physical stability over time. The process of freeze-drying mannitol was monitored continuously with in-line Raman and at-line NIR spectroscopies [276]. The thin polymer solvent coatings, such as poly(vinyl acetate) with toluene, methanol, benzene, and combinations of the solvents, were monitored as they dried to generate concentra-tion/time profiles [277]. 

T.L. Threlfall and J.M. Chalmers, Vibrational spectroscopy of solid-state forms - introduction, principles and overview, in Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical Research and Development, D.E. Pivonka, J.M. Chalmers, and RR. Griffiths (Eds), Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2007. 

The crown ethers and the related cryptates (cryptates were first reported by J-M Lehn (J ) of France in 1969 (Figure 3)), have been used in a variety of synthetic procedures primarily because of their ability to solvate ionic materials in organic solvents (1, 14). Recently, it has been shown that crown ethers in the solid state form "sandwich" like complexes with most metals and that the counterion is also tightly bound (1 ). It is this evidence that suggested their use as ion traps in silicone RTV formulations. 

Ionic solids apart, the most important dissolved solid in natural waters is silica, SiC>2. The solubility of silica depends strongly on the solid-state form ... 

Attempts to process more crystalline LCPs by solid state forming have only met with modest success. For example, attempts to compact PHBA/BPT at... 

The solid-state form of the resolved salt (radafaxine DTTA) was poor, giving rise to long isolation times and consequently poor throughput. 

It was established that the morpholinols 2 were susceptible to decomposition when treated with excess acid. This partially explained the poor solid-state form of the product and the difficulties experienced during isolation of radafaxine DTTA during the first plant campaign. 

Protein Chips Proteins, too, can be immobilized on a solid surface and used to help define the presence or absence of other proteins in a sample. For example, researchers prepare an array of antibodies to particular proteins by immobilizing them as individual spots on a solid surface. A sample of proteins is added, and if the protein that binds any of the antibodies is present in the sample, it can be detected by a solid-state form of the ELISA assay (see Fig. 5-28). Many other types and applications of protein chips are being developed. 

Upon evaporation of (lie sulvent, the salt is obtained as such, frequently as crystals, sometimes with and sometimes without water of crystallization. A salt, when dissolved in an ionizing solvent, or fused (e.g., sodium chloride in water), is a good conductor of electricity and when rn the solid state forms a crystal lattice (e.g., sodium chloride crystals possess a definite lattice structure tor both sodium cations (Na+) and chloride anions (Cl-), determinable by examination with x-rays). 

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