Solar performance

The first CBD ZnS-based buffer fabrication was done with an efficiency level of 9-10% [262]. In the CBD of ZnS buffer, thiourea is generally used as the sulfur source and ammonia as complexing agent [259]. The quality of the ZnS films, and their solar performance, is controlled by the concentration of ammonia. In particular, depending on this concentration, co-deposition of ZnS, ZnO, and Zn(OH)2 may occur resulting in many different possible compositions and phases (ZnS,... 

The above-mentioned codes contain requirements for accelerated durabiUty tests. In addition, interlayer manufacturers and laminators expose test samples for several years under extreme weather conditions, eg, the Florida coast and Arizona desert. The laminated products weather extremely well, with no change in the plastic interlayer. Occasionally, clouding is noted around the edges when exposed to high humidity for long periods, but this is reversible. Colored areas of PVB laminates may fade while subjected to extensive uv/solar irradiation, which could cause an appearance issue. This has not, however, been shown to alter the laminate s other performance properties. 

Earth to space (sateUite) to earth communication links are relatively insensitive to ionospheric disturbances. Communications between earth and manned space vehicles are barely affected by plasmas when the spaceships are well away from the atmosphere, eg, in orbit or in a translunar trajectory. However, during reentry of a spaceship, a low temperature plasma forms around the vehicle and intermpts the communication links to it (183). Plasmas are incidental to the performance of modem rockets used to explore the solar system. 

Based on the results of the Solar One plant. Southern California Edison formed a consortium that included DOE and EPRI to constmct a Solar Two Project. Solar Two will convert the idle Solar One central receiver plant from a water/steam system to a molten salt system, thereby improving efficiency and operating performance. With the molten salt technology, solar energy can be collected during the day and stored in the salt to produce electricity when needed. The three-year demonstration is scheduled to begin in late 1996. 

Factors considered to affect pond performance are air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. Items appearing to have only a minor effect include heat transfer between the earth and the pond, changing temperature and humidity of the air as it traverses the water, and rain. 

The outdoor part of the enclosure has to perform more onerous duties as it has to withstand weather conditions and also absorb solar radiation. It has also to dissipate the heat of the conductor in addition to its own. It is therefore possible that the surface area of enclosure so chosen may have to be increased, and this will be revealed during thermal calculations which are carried out to check its suitability. 

Critoph R.E., Performance limitations of adsorption cycles for solar cooling. Solar Energy, 1988, 41(1), 21 31. 

Heinemeier, K., and Akbari, II. (1992). Evaluation of the Use of Energy Management and Control Systems for Remote Building Monitoring Performance Monitoring. Proceedings of the ASME International Solar Energy Conferenee. 

To measure the efficiency of a whole window, special testing takes into account all heat transfer from conduction, convection, and radiation. Certain values are used to represent the thermal and solar efficiency of high-performance windows by measuring reduced thermal heat loss (measured by the U-... 

Solar radiation can also be used.) The overall energy used is greater than with the compression cycle, so the COP (coefficient of performance) is lower. Typical figures are as shown in Table 2.2. 

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