Solar electrochemical

Comparison of Solar Electrochemical, Thermal Hybrid Water Splitting... 

C. Alkan, M. Sekerci, and S. Rung, Production of hydrogen using Fresnel lens-solar electrochemical cell, Int. J. of Elydrogen Energy, 20 17-20 (1995). 

Dominguez RA, Aldaco R, Irabien A (2010) Photovoltaic solar electrochemical oxidation (PSEO) for treatment of lignosulfonate wastewater. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 85 821-830... 

Additionally, there are a number of useful electrochemical reactions for desulfurization processes (185). Solar—thermal effusional separation of hydrogen from H2S has been proposed (188). The use of microporous Vicor membranes has been proposed to effect the separation of H2 from H2S at 1000°C. These membrane systems function on the principle of upsetting equiUbrium, resulting in a twofold increase in yield over equiUbrium amounts. 

The discovery of chemical N2 fixation under ambient conditions is more compatible with a simple, complementary, low temperature and low pressure system, possibly operated electrochemically and driven by a renewable energy resource (qv), such as solar, wind, or water power, or other off-peak electrical power, located near or in irrigation streams. Such systems might produce and apply ammonia continuously, eg, directly in the rice paddy, or store it as an increasingly concentrated ammoniacal solution for later appHcation. In fact, the Birkeland-Eyde process of N2 oxidation in an electric arc has been... 

In two-component charge transfer systems, such as in the bulk-heterojuncdon solar cells presented here, deviations of the V,K. from the results of pristine single layer or bilayer devices are expected for two reasons first, some pan of the available difference in electrochemical energy is used internally by the charge transfer to a lower energetic position on the electron acceptor second, the relative posi-... 

Following the same procedure, the kinetic constants have been determined for very different electrochemical conditions. When n-WSe2 electrodes are compared in contact with different redox systems it is, for example, found9 that no PMC peak is measured in the presence of 0.1 M KI, but a clear peak occurs in presence of 0.1 M K4[Fe(CN)6], which is known to be a less efficient electron donor for this electrode in liquid junction solar cells. When K4[Fe(CN)6] is replaced by K3[Fe(CN)6], its oxidized form, a large shoulder is found, indicating that minority carriers cannot react efficiently at the semiconductor/electrolyte junction (Fig. 31). 

Recently, room temperature ionic liquids (RT-ILs) have attracted much attention for their excellent properties, e.g., wide temperature range of liquid phase, ultra-low vapor pressure, chemical stability, potential as green solvents, and high heat capacities [64,65]. These properties make them good candidates for the use in many fields, such as thermal storage [66], electrochemical applications, homogeneous catalysis [67], dye sensitized solar cells [68], and lubricants [69,70]. 

Pourbaix diagrams for the aqueous Cd-S, Cd-Te, Cd-Se, Cu-In-Se, and Sb-S systems have been compiled and discussed by Savadogo [26] in his review regarding chemically and electrochemically deposited thin Aims for solar energy materials. Dremlyuzhenko et al. [27] analyzed theoretically the mechanisms of redox reactions in the Cdi xMn , Te and Cdi- , Zn i Te aqueous systems and evaluated the physicochemical properties of the semiconductor surfaces as a function of pH. 

It should be stressed that the key point in the recent success of ZnS application in thin film solar cells is the use of chemical rather than electrochemical deposition (CBD), which is successfully applied also for obtaining Cdi- Zn S films. Note though that smdies on the chemical growth of ZnS are limited compared to CdS, and the level of understanding of the deposition mechanism is inferior. 

Works on the electrochemical formation of copper sulfide have been reported mainly in connection with the fabrication of CujS/CdS junctions for solar cells [159-161]. 

Tomkiewicz M, Ling I, Parsons WS (1982) Morphology, properties, and performance of electrodeposited n-CdSe in liquid junction solar cells. J Electrochem Soc 129 2016-2022... 

Kressin AM, Doan VV, Klein JD, Sailor MJ (1991) Synthesis of stoichiometric cadmium selenide films via sequential monolayer electrodeposition. Chem Mater 3 1015-1020 Miller B, Heller A, Robbins M, Menezes S, Chang KC, Thomson JJ (1977) Solar conversion efficiency of pressure sintered cadmium selenide liquid junction cells. J. Electrochem Soc 124 1019-1021. 

Basol BB (1988) Electrodeposited CdTe and HgCdTe solar Cells. Sol Cells 23 69-88 Bhattacharya RN, Rajeshwar K, Noufi RN (1985) In situ preparation of p-Type CdTe thin films by cathodic electrodeposition. J Electrochem Soc 132 732-734 Llabres J (1984) In situ preparation of undoped p-Type CdTe by cathodic electrochemical deposition. J Electrochem Soc 131 464 65... 

Mirovsky Y, Tenne R, Hodes G, Cahen D (1982) Photoelectrochemical solar ceUs Interpretation of cell performance using electrochemical determination of photoelectrode properties. Thin Solid Films 91 349-355... 

Bhattacharya RN (1986) Electrodeposited CdSeo.sTeo.s Photoelectrochemical solar ceUs. J Appl Electrochem 16 168-174... 

McGregor SM, Dharmadasa IM, Wadsworth 1, Care CM (1996) Growth of CdS and CdTe by electrochemical technique for utilisation in thin film solar cells. Opt Mater 6 75-81 Morris GC, Das SK (1992) Some fabrication procedures for electrodeposited CdTe solar cells. Int J Sol Energy 12 95-108... 

Peter EM, Wang RL (1999) Channel flow ceU electrodeposition of CdTe for solar cells. Electrochem Commun 1 554-558... 

Fig. 5.2 The n-Cd(Se,Te)/aqueous Cs2Sx/SnS solar cell. P, S, and L indicate the direction of electron flow through the photoelectrode, tin electrode, and external load, respectively (a) in an illuminated cell and (b) in the dark. For electrolytes, m represents molal. Electron transfer is driven both through an external load and also into electrochemical storage by reduction of SnS to metaUic tin. In the dark, the potential drop below that of tin sulfide reduction induces spontaneous oxidation of tin and electron flow through the external load. Independent of illumination conditions, electrons are driven through the load in the same direction, ensuring continuous power output. (Reproduced with permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd [Nature] [60], Copyright 2009)...

An interesting idea has been to prepare the photosensitive electrode on site having the liquid play the dual role of a medium for anodic film growth on a metal electrode and a potential-determining redox electrolyte in the electrochemical solar cell. Such integration of the preparation process with PEC realization was demonstrated initially by Miller and Heller [86], who showed that photosensitive sulfide layers could be grown on bismuth and cadmium electrodes in solutions of sodium polysulfide and then used in situ as photoanodes driving the... 

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