Soil water repellency

Cheng, S., Doerr, S.H., Bryant, R., Wright, C.J., 2010. Effects of isopropanol/atnmonia extraction on soil water repellency as determined by atomic force microscopy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 74,1541. 

Dekker, L.W, Oostindie,K., Ritsema, C.J., 2005. Exponential increase of publications related to soil water repellency. Aust.J. Soil Res. 43, 403. 

Diehl, D, 2013. Soil water repellency dynamics of heterogeneous surfaces. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 432, 8. 

Doerr, S.H., Shakesby, R.A., Walsh, R.P.D., 2000. Soil water repellency its causes, characteristics and hydro-geomorphological significance. Earth Sci. Rev. 51, 33. 

Llewellyn, C.T., Doerr, S.H., Douglas, P, Modey, C.P., Mainwaring, KA., 2004. Soxhlet extraction of oiganic compounds associated with soil water repellency. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2,41. 

Mainwaring, K., HaUin, I.L., Douglas, R, Doerr, S.H., Modey, C.R, 2013.The role of naturally occurring organic compounds in causing soil water repellency. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 64, 667. 

MiiUer, K., Deurer, M., 2011. Review of the remediation strategies for soil water repellency. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 144, 208. 

There are reactive softeners, some of which are N-methylol derivatives of long-chain fatty amides (10.241) while others are triazinyl compounds (10.242). The N-methylol compounds require baking with a latent acid catalyst to effect reaction, whereas dichloro-triazines require mildly alkaline fixation conditions. The N-methylol compounds are sometimes useful for combination with crease-resist, durable-press, soil-release and water-repellent finishes. In this context, the feasibility of using silane monomers such as methyltri-ethoxysilane (10.243), vinyltriethoxysilane (10.244), vinyl triace tylsilane (10.245) and epoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (10.246) in crosslinking reactions to give crease-resist properties and softness simultaneously has been investigated [492]. 

Soil-release, soil-repellent and water-repellent agents... 

Polyfluorinated chemicals now dominate in the fields of oil-repellent and water-repellent finishes. The earlier so-called conventional polyfluorinated products were of the type represented by poly(N-methylperfluoro-octanesulphonamidoethyl acrylate) (10.248) [499]. Such products presented a shield of closely packed fluoroalkyl groups at the fibre-air interface, thus giving low-energy surfaces with excellent oleophobicity. These showed excellent resistance to oil-based stains but were less satisfactory as soil-release agents during... 

Bisdom EBA, Dekker LW, Schoute JFT. Water repellency of sieve fractions from sandy soils with organic material and soil structure. Geoderma 1993 56 105-118. 

Wood is the most commonly used fencing material, and is also, potentially, the most environmentally friendly choice. Unfortunately, most fencing is made from nondurable softwoods, and strong chemicals may have been used to preserve it (see pp.132-133). In fact, as fence panels are rarely in contact with the ground— which is where wood is most at risk from decay— a simple water-repellent stain should protect them. Fence posts are most at risk from decay at ground level, where wood, air, and soil meet. Posts made from oak or cedar are recommended for their natural durability (see alsop.l33). Concrete post bases extend the life of wooden posts and make them easier to replace. 

This work describes the application to soil of compounds of a previous study (11) which dealt primarily with organic synthesis and physical properties of reaction products of pure fatty acids with BETA. In this study derivatives were prepared from various industrial fatty materials. In addition, water infiltration studies on sand, sandy soil, and clay soils were carried out on the previously prepared and new compounds. Finally, an investigation was initiated to determine the biological effects of one water-repelling chemical, the partially hydrogenated tallow-fatty acid-DETA reaction product, on seed germination and plant growth. 

In addition to direct effects on the plant, benzylamine may induce hydrophobic (water repellent) conditions in soil (Figure 4)-These data indicate a linear increase in moisture content as benzylamine content increases, attributable to the development of a lower unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in the surface soil, which thus became less able to transfer water from depth in response to evaporative demand. McGhie (50) suggests that poor germination of crop and pasture plants may be related to the development of hydrophobic conditions, the affected soil being unable to supply water to the germinating seed. 

Chemical modification of the wax can improve smear resistance (5). Silicones, which do not harm furniture finishes (6), are incorporated as film-forming ingredients in furniture polishes. The lubricant properties of silicones improve ease of application of the polish and removal of insoluble soil particles. In addition, silicones make dry films easier to buff and more water-repellent, and provide depth of gloss, ie, ability to reflect a coherent image as a result of a high refractive index (7). Wax-free polishes, which have silicones as the only film former, can be formulated to deliver smear resistance (8). Another type of film former commonly used in oil-base furniture polishes is a mineral or vegetable oil, eg, linseed oil. 

The susceptibility of a building exterior material to soiling is closely related to its contact angle with water. The material used on the outside wall of a building is actually more like to be soiled if it is more water-repellent. Thus, plastic is more likely to be soiled than sheet glass or tiles. A water-repellent material like a fluorocarbon plastic is the most likely to be soiled. A highly... 

Sewage disposal Soil conditioning Sugar refining Water clarification Water evaporation control Water repellency Wetting... 

DeBano, L. F. (2000). The role of fire and soil heating on water repellency in wildland environments A review. J. Hydrol. 231-232,195-206. 

Giovannini, G., Luchessi, S., and Cerevelli, S. (1983). Water-repellent substances and aggregate stability in hydrophobic soil. Soil Sci. 135,110-113. 

Robichaud, P. R., and Hungerford, R. D. (2000). Water repellency by laboratory burning of four northern Rocky Mountain forest soils. J. Hydrol. 231-232, 207-219. 

Savage, S. M. (1974). Mechanism of fire-induced water repellency in soil. Soil Sci.Am. Proc. 38, 652-657. 

Oil repellency = OR, water repellency = WR, dry soil = DS, soil release = SR, crocking fastness = CF, antistatic = AS, handle = H, permanence = P. 

From 0.5% to 1.0% of CNC AQUAFILM 14 (OWF) is generally enough to impart durable oil/water repellent-dry soil resistant properties. 

ARIDRY FC Extra is a new aqueous fluorochemical finish designed to impart lasting high oil and water repellence together with dry soil resistance to all fibers including cotton, rayon, wool, nylon, acrylics, polyester and is especially recommended for upholstery fabrics, drapery, slipcovers and other woven materials where dry-soil resistance is of importance. 

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