Softening dispersion

The level of polyunsaturates in the hydrophobe of a cationic surfactant influences its liquidity and also its resistance to oxidative degradation and color formation [24, 37]. The higher the polyunsaturate level and consequently the iodine value, the higher the liquidity and the higher the aqueous concentration of a softener dispersion that can be achieved. Products with high or even modest degrees of unsaturation frequently require the addition of an antioxidant such as the hindered phenol derivatives, butylated hydroxy toluene and butylated hydroxy anisole [24, 25, 38]. 

CNC BASE 600 is a cationic softener concentrate for simple dilution into an extemely stable cationic softener dispersion. 

A softener concentrate that is economical to use and applicable to all textile fibers. It is nonionic but can be used to make slightly cationic softener dispersions. It gives a dry lofty hand, is anti-soiling and non-yellowing. 

This product is an excellent anti-stat and fluidizer for softener dispersions at very low levels (1%). 

Softener deposition is drastically affected by anionic surfactants such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) because of the immediate formation of water-insoluble complexes. For instance, if increasing amounts of SLS are added to a softener dispersion, DHTDMAC deposition is nearly quantitative until both concentrations are equal. The amount of softener on the fabric always corresponds to the concentrations of free softener and of catanionic complex. It seems likely that the complex is held on cotton by mechanical entrapment in the cotton fibers [72], Once the SLS concentration exceeds that of the softener, the complex is increasingly solubilized by the surfactant excess and deposits less and less [72,92,108],... 

The particle size of the softener dispersion, since the coating is more homogeneous when the dispersion is micronized [92],... 

Durfax . [Van Den Bergh Foods] Eth-oxylated srubitan esters emulsifier for foods, personal care, and household prods. antistat, lubricant, softener dispersant for pesticides anttfog for plastics and polishes. 

G>. [ICI Spec. Chem.] Ethoxylated esters or sorbitan esters, or fatty amines emulsifier, antistat, lubricant, softener, dispersant, wetting agent for textiles. 

PogoL [Hart Chem. Ltd.] rcGs lubricant solubilizer, antistat softener, dispersant emulsifier, humectant mold release, lubricant plasticizer, tablet binder for rubber, agric., ptqrer coat-ii s, textiles, metals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics. 

Trisulphoil . [Scholler] Sulfonated castor oils protective agents, dye leveling agents, penetrants, softeners, dispersants. 

LeominBi. [Hoechst Cdanese/Cokxants Surf. Hoechst AG] Antistat, softener, dispersant, finishing agent ftx tex-... 

Ppgol. [Hart Chetn. Ltd.] PEGs lubricant, sdubilizOT, antistat, soften, dispersant, enuilsifier, humectant, mold release, lubricant, plasticizer, tablet bind for rubber, agric., aper coat-ir textiles, met, pbarmaceoticals, cosmetics. 

FIC U RE 5.9 Logarithmic plot of the retardation spectra against log k/aj reduced to the reference temperature indicated for correspondence at short times in the primary softening dispersion. 

FIGURE 5.11 Logarithmic comparison plot of the reduced dynamic loss modulus, G p (in dyne/cm = 0.1 Pa), against the logarithm of the reduced frequency, coaj-is ). The reduced reference temperatures give correspondence in the softening dispersion and match the positions of the loss tangent primary maxima. 

FIGURE 5.13 The logarithm of the reduced shear creep compliance curves, Jp t) (in Pa ), for the three urethane-end Unked polybutadiene elastomers displayed as a function of the logarithm of the reduced time t/ap (in seconds). The reference temperatures of reduction are chosen so that superposition is achieved at short times in the primary softening dispersion, (o) TB-1, 74 C, ( ) TB-2, 0°C, (e) TB-3, 17°C. 

The equilibrium shear compliances Je indicated at long times are all about 1.0 X lO" " Pa except for that of the PB-1 sample, which is unexpectedly somewhat higher. The fact that the PB-1 softening dispersion is found at shorter times than that of the PB-2 elastomer has to be attributed to its higher cis to trans ratio of placements, 0.80 as opposed to 0.67, which reflects a lower Tg. The fact that the rate of creep of the Viton elastomer is approximately five orders of magnitude slower in the softening dispersion than that of the PB-2 is believed to be a reflection of a T, which is 70°C higher. What is most unexpected is that... 

However, if the creep compliance curves are compared at their respective TgS,we see in Figure 5.16 that the softening dispersions are, within experimental uncertainty, at the same place in the time scale of response. Specifically the positions of the four Jpit/ar) curves at a compliance level of 1.0 x 10 Pa appear to be spread on a time scale by not much more than one decade of time. Relative uncertainties of Tg values of 1.5°C can account for this spread in positions. Until more precise relative TgS can be measured we can tentatively surmise that at Tg all polymers at the same rate are deep in the softening zone. This conclusion appears reasonable when we consider that short-range chain dynamics should determine both creep rates just above the glassy level as well as changes in the local liquid structure, the kinetics of which determine Tg. 

Rubber is a viscoelastic solid formed by crosslinking a polymer, which is initially a viscoelastic liquid. In spite of this difference there still are some common issues in understanding the physics of the glass temperature and the viscoelastic mechanisms in the softening dispersion (i.e., called the glass-rubber transition zone in Ferry (1980). A case in point can be taken by comparing the viscoelastic behavior of the neat epoxy resin Epon lOOlF (Plazek and... 

The softening dispersions of entangled low-molecular-weight polymers are often modeled by the Rouse modes modified for undiluted polymers. From their very definition only involving the coordinates of a single chain, the Rouse modes are not intermolecularly coupled, and their relaxation times, t/ /, are proportional to the monomeric friction coefficient, fo that is. 

In Figure 5.23 we reproduce for high molecular weight PMMA its dielectric segmental relaxation time (Bergman et al., 1998), the shift factor of the Rouse dynamics in the softening dispersion measured by Ngai and Plazek (1996)... 

Uses Emulsifier, lubricant, softener, dispersant for cosmetics, plastics, metals, textiles, leather, paint, and paper industries coemulsifier for syn. esters... 

Uses Flotation agent corrosion inhibitor intermediate for cationic surfactants germicide, wetting agent, softener, dispersant for textiles, water treatment, concrete, asphalt, ceramics, paints, metals, rubber, plastics, agric. emulsifier, antistat in cosmetics Trade Names Nissan Amine SB... 

Uses Pigment softener, dispersant antifogging agent, foaming agent, stabilizer, wetting agent... 

Properties Cationic/nonionic Uses Antistat, dyeing assistant, softener, dispersant in textiles... 

Definition PEG amine of hydrogenated tallow Formuia R-N(CH2CH20)xH(CH2CH20)yH, R rep. alkyl groups from hydrog. tallow, avg. (x+y) = 14 Uses Antistat, dyeing assistant, softener, dispersant in textiles... 

Synonyms POE (14) oleyl amine Definition PEG amine of oleic acid Uses Surfactant antistat textile dyeing assistant softener, dispersant Trade Name Synonyms Amiet OD/14 [Kao Corp. SA http //www.kao.es], G-3714 t[Uniqema Uniqema Am. http //www.uniqema.com]... 

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