Sodium sulphonates

This direct sulphonation should be compared with the indirect methods for the preparation of aliphatic sulphonic acids, e.g., oxidation of a thiol (RSH -> RSOjH), and interaction of an alkyl halide with sodium sulphite to give the sodium sulphonate (RBr + Na,SO, -> RSO,Na + NaBr). 

Benzenediazonium chloride reacts in solution with sodium sulphite to give benzenediazonium sodium sulphonate, which when treated with sulphurous acid undergoes reduction to phenylhydrazine sodium sulphonate. The latter readily hydrolyses in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid to give... 

In the sulphonation process vaporised benzene is forced through a mist of sulphuric acid at 100-120°C and the benzene sulphonic acid formed is neutralised with soda ash to produce benzene sodium sulphonate. This is fused with a 25-30% excess of caustic soda at 300-400°C. The sodium phenate obtained is treated with sulphuric acid and the phenol produced is distilled with steam (Figure 23.1). 

On the other hand, it should be noted that with some pyridazine derivatives, haemostatic activity has been observed [273-275], Thus for instance, sulphon-ylpyridazinones of type (73, R = HO, NH2NH, Me2N(CH2)3NH) have been reported to shorten the bleeding time in mice to an extent comparable to carbazochrom sodium sulphonate [275]. 

Preparation 290.—Anthraquinone-jS-Sodium Sulphonate ( Silver Salt ). 

There exists a linear correlation between the 33S chemical shifts in sodium sulphonates, RS03Na, and 13C chemical shifts of the carboxylic carbon in the corresponding sodium carboxylates, RCOONa 38... 

Solid sodium sulphonate species 41 (Figure 43) impregnated with [dbim][SbF6] (25% wt) is itself capable to catalyse the 1,4-addition of several indole derivatives to methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and other Michael acceptors in water (Figure 46)7 ... 

R14. Robinson, G. L., A study of liver function and plasma volume in chronic rheumatism by means of phenol tetrabromo-phthalein sodium sulphonate. Ann. Rheumatic Diseases 3, 208-221 (1942-1943). 

Other derivatives of p-quinones, such as anthraquinone, mono- and di-sodium sulphonates are photosensitizers of the oxidation of isopropanol [Refs. 84, 105, 106, 158, 662, 663]. Lock and Sagar [377] have suggested that a similar mechanism may occur in the photosensitized oxidation of JV-alkylamides which they studied as a model system simulating the photo-sensitized degradation of polyamides. They suggest that the AT-alkyl radical initially produced may add molecular oxygen to give peroxy radicals which are the precursors of the observed oxidation reaction. 

TABLE 30. 33S NMR chemical shifts and linewidths for sodium sulphonates RS03Na108 and 13C NMR chemical shifts for RCOONa... 

Finally, a rather trivial but noteworthy process is the conversion of a sulphonic acid or a salt into a sulphonate salt. This may be accomplished by the use of an ion-exchange resin. For example, sodium sulphonates have been converted into silver sulphonates by first passing them through an ion-exchange resin (in the H+ form) followed by reaction with silver carbonate319, as shown in equation 68. 

S Nuclear magnetic resonance study of sodium sulphonates. 652... 

Sodium 4-hydroxybenzenesulphonate dihydrate has been used to transacylate phenyl nonanoate. The sodium sulphonate in octane/hexadecane was treated with phenyl nonanoate, the octane removed by distillation and the mixture refluxed at 180-200°C during 4 hours when most of the hexadecane was also removed to give the product in 87% yield (ref. 114). 

FIGURE 1L12, Structure of an Eastman AQ 55 poly(ester sodium sulphonate) ionomer backbone. 

S. Lehner and J, E. Smith, Colloid Symposium Monograph 13,65 (1935) Dyestuff II is p-sulfobenzazobenzazo-6-benzoyl-p-aminobenzoyl-amino-naphthol-3-sodium sulphonate. 

The general formula of an emulsified polyurethane or aqueous dispersion used for adhesive purposes is shown in Fig. 8.11. Aqueous polyurethane dispersions usually have 40% solids of a thermoplastic type (for aqueous inertness), aliphatic diisocyanate polymer (for light stability) and an anionic surfactant is used. However, if a polyurethane ionomer is prepared this does not contain added emulsifier, the polyurethane itself having its own emulsifier function. The incorporation of this function in the polyurethane chains as (a) sodium sulphonate or (b) sodium carboxylate groups is seen in Fig. 8.11. 

Di-octylphenyl phosphonate Tripentyl phosphate Trioctyl phosphate Sodium dodecyl-sulphate Dodecylbenzene sodium sulphonate... 

The percentage of alkyl-aryl sodium sulphonate contained in the sample is given by ... 

Sodium sulphonates (sodium salts of sulphonic acids) are surfactants. They have no action on aluminium. 

Free guanidine treated with 1 2-naphthoquinone-4-sodium sulphonate and alkali yields after about ten minutes a brown solution which tmns bright red on addition of nitric acid (Sullivan s test, 1935). Ammonia, methylamine and indole, but none of the natural guanidine derivatives, give similar reactions. 

The company, an affiliate of Sinopec, has 21 400 employees and owns 55 plants. Its major products include petroleum processing products, polystyrene, PP, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, EO, benzene, styrene, unsaturated polyester resin, ammonia, urea, alkylbenzene, alkylbenzene-sulphonate, alkylbenzene sodium sulphonate, heavy alkylbenzene, washing powder, plasticizers, printing and dyeing auxiliaries. The company has 110 000 tonnes/year of PP capacity and 10 000 tonnes/ year of polystyrene capacity. It plans to expand its refining capacity 24% by the end of 2004 to a total of 13 million tonnes/year. 

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