Haemostatic Activity

Chitosan has demonstrated haemeostatic activity, which is suggested to be originated by the interaction between the cell membrane of erythrocytes and chitosan. The occurrence of clot formation is in the absence of coagulation factors or platelets [21]. Positively charged chitosan delivery systems tend to attract the circulating plasma proteins, which 

---

On the other hand, it should be noted that with some pyridazine derivatives, haemostatic activity has been observed [273-275], Thus for instance, sulphon-ylpyridazinones of type (73, R = HO, NH2NH, Me2N(CH2)3NH) have been reported to shorten the bleeding time in mice to an extent comparable to carbazochrom sodium sulphonate [275]. 

The multicomponent biofluid blood consists, among other components, of proteins and cells and still represents a challenge for interaction studies with PEC particles. A comprehensive study on the interaction of complexes of PDMAEMA and either a crosslinked CHT or poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) (PAMPSNa) with human blood from healthy volunteers was reported by Yancheva et al. [176]. Thereby, PDMAEMA complexed with CHT no longer caused inherent cytotoxicity compared with the uncomplexed state, but haemostatic activity was still present. However, PEC of PDMAEMA/PAMPSNa featured both low cytotoxicity and low haemostatic activity. The degree of PDMAEMA quatemization had an additional influence on both blood compatibility parameters. In particular, the authors claimed a higher interaction of samples containing higher quatemized PDMAEMA with the cell walls of blood cells (both red and white) because of electrostatic attraction to the anionic compounds of their cell membranes. 

Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are suitable bioplatforms that can be further improved by targeted functionalisation for skin repair. For example, the unique biological properties of chitosan characterised with human cell biocompatibility, human serum biodegradability, non-toxicity, antibacterial and haemostatic properties justify the use of this biopolymer in skin repair processes. The haemostatic activity of chitosan is exploited in early treatment of wounds [28], especially in large injuries subjected to heavy bleeding [29]. Many haemostatic products on the market consist thus, fully or partially, of chitosan. Moreover, chitosan aids to a rapid closure of fuU-thickness wounds due to its supportive effect to the fast growing of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) in the injured tissue [30]. Chitin and chitosan can be... 

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Systemic Haemostatic system Inhibits fibrinolysis... 

Finally, the common pathway involves thrombin in a number of functions. Its primary role is the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, the building block of a haemostatic plug. In addition, it activates factors VIII and V and their inhibitor protein C (in the presence of thrombomoduhn), and it activates factor XIII, which cross-links the fibrin polymers. 

PlaqueniP hydroxychloroquine, plasma thromboplastin component factor IX. plasminogen activator inhibitor (proteinase inhibitor PAI) is a peptide containing 376-379 amino acid residues, found in 3 forms. It is an ENZYME INHIBITOR actively involved in the control of haemostatic blood clotting factors. Increased levels are found in metastases it is a possible diagnostic agent and target for anticancer chemotherapy, plasmin fibrinolysin. 

---