Sodium, potassium, rubidium and

Mercury forms amalgams with numerous metals. Usually, this conversion is very exothermic, therefore it can present risks the reaction can become violent if a metai is added too quickly into mercury. Accidents have been described with caicium (at 390°C), aluminium, alkali metals (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium) and cerium. Some of these alloys are very inflammable, in particular the Hg-Zn amalgam. 

Helmke PA, Sparks DL. Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. In Bartels JM (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3 Chemical Methods. Madison, WI ... 

Fig. 1. Mean reduced vapor pressure curve for the halides of sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. Average deviation from the mean is shown by the vertical lines.

FABMS has been used as a semiquantitative indication of the selectivity of receptors for particular guest metal cations (Johnstone and Rose, 1983). The FABMS competition experiment on [7] with equimolar amounts of the nitrates of sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium gave gas-phase complex ions of ([7] + K)+ ion (m/z 809) and a minor peak ([7] + Rb)+ ion (m/z 855) exclusively. The relative peak intensities therefore suggested a selectivity order of K+ Rb+ Na+, Cs+, indicative of the bis-crown effect, the ability of bis-crown ether ligands to complex a metal cation of size larger than the cavity of a single crown ether unit, forming a sandwich structure. 

The metal fulminates are all powerfully explosive. Of several salts examined, those of cadmium, copper and silver were more powerful detonators than mercury fulminate, while thallium fulminate was much more sensitive to heating and impact. Formally related salts are also explosive [1]. Sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium fulminates are all easily detonated by feeble friction or heat. They all form double salts with mercury(II) fulminate which also explode readily, that of the rubidium salt at 45 °C [2],... 

Molecular weights.—The composition of the alkali chlorides has been established by analyses. These salts contain alkali, R, and chlorine, Cl, in the proportion 1 1. Consequently, the mol. formulse are represented by RnCln. The difficult volatility of sodium chloride—contrasted with say mercuric chloride—suggests a complex molecule. W. Nernst 78 found the vapour density of both sodium and potassium chlorides, at 2000°, corresponded with the respective formula NaCl and KC1 for the vapours of these salts. L. Riigheimer found that the effect of sodium chloride on the b.p. of bismuth trichloride corresponded with the simple formula NaCl and E. Beckmann obtained a similar result from the effect of sodium, potassium, rubidium, and csesium chlorides on the f.p. of mercuric chloride. 

This review covers developments in the organometallic chemistry of sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium since the previous accounts by Weiss,1 Bock,2 and Schleyer,3,4 but earlier work is described where this is necessary to make sense of recent results. Further information can be found in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry II5 and in the second edition... 

Group I consists of the five metals lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium, and the radioactive element francium. Lithium, sodium and potassium are commonly available for use in school. They are all very reactive metals and they are stored under oil to... 

Fig. 16. Correlation of percent atomic character with Agt. for frozen solutions of sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium in HMPA, and for fluid solutions in various amines and ethers. Reprinted with permission from R. Catterall and P. P. Edwards, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 79, 3010 (1975). Copyright 1975 American Chemical Society. Frozen M-HMPA solutions are shaded symbols. Open symbols are fluid amine and ether solutions.

Fig. 17. Optical spectra of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium in ethylenediamine with identification of absorption peaks of Na, K, Rb, Cs and er. Absorption for es is taken from pulse radiolysis studies. [Taken from Fig. 1 of Dye (57) used with permission of Verlag-Chemie, Angew. Chem.Int. Ed. Engl.]...

The elements sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium, have atomic numbers 11, 19, 37, and 55. They are all very similar metals which give positively charged ions in solutions, and very readily combine with elements like chlorine. 

The Equation of State of the Alkali Halides.—The alkali halides, the fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and iodides of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium have been more extensively studied experimentally than any other group of ionic crystals. For most of these materials, enough data are available to make a fairly satisfactory comparison between experiment and theory. The observations include the compressibility and its change with pressure, at room temperature, from which the quantities ai(T), o2(r) of Eq. (1.1), Chap. XIII, can be found... 

Fig. 1 indicates that no drastic structuralmodifications of polyisoprene are effected by changing alkali metals with the glaring exception of lithium. Sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium produce a polyisoprene containing between 43% (sodium) and 55% (cesium) 1,4 structure, 90—100% trans. The point for the emulsion polymerization has been included in order to give an example of the structure of a free radical produced polymer. Lithium of course stands far away by itself giving a polymer almost identical in structure with natural rubber (hevea). 

Again in polybutadiene, one finds sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium giving polybutadienes fairly similar in structure varying from 35% 1,4 for sodium to 55% 1,4 for potassium and the 1,4 fraction varying from 71 to 85% trans. The trans-1,4 content is significantly lower than was observed in the case of polyisoprene. Again lithium is far removed from the other alkali metals, but in this instance the percentage 1,4 is now 85%, and of this 1,4 fraction only 40% is cis. The extreme stereospecificity which one finds in the isoprene case is not so pronounced with butadiene. 

Lacher, M., N. Lahav, and S. Yariv. 1993. Infrared study of the effects of thermal treatment on montmorillonite-benzidine complexes. II. Lithium-, sodium-, potassium-, rubidium- and cesium-montmorillonite. J. Therm. Anal., 40 41-57. 

The inclusion of iron, cobalt, nickel, and certain other metals in Group VIII.4 enables the alkali-metals lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium to be placed in their natural position as a subgroup of Group I. of the periodic system, in juxtaposition to the related sub-group containing copper, silver, and gold (p. 3). This arrangement... 

Moissan 7 found that the hydrides of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium are non-conductors of electricity, and therefore cannot be regarded as alloys. He considered that in these compounds hydrogen has a metalloidic character, and that it is not comparable with the metals, an argument against its inclusion in Group I.8... 

The closely related elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium, often termed the alkali metals, have a single s electron outside a noble gas core. Some relevant data are listed in Table 3-1. 

Octaethyl-l,l -biarsole/stibole 19 (E = As, Sb) can be reduced by alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium in DME or TMEDA yielding metal arsolides 69 (E = As) or stibolides 69 (E = Sb) with corresponding counterion and solvents being bidentate co-ligands (Equation 11) <20040M3417>. 

II. GROUP 1 LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM AND CESIUM... 

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