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Sodium perchlorate production

The alkah metal perchlorates are either white or colorless, and have increasing solubiUty in water in the order of Na > Li > NH4 > K> Rb > Cs. The high solubiUty of sodium perchlorate, NaClO, makes this material useful as an intermediate for production of all other perchlorates by double metathesis reactions and controlled crystallization. [Pg.66]

Perchlorates. Historically, perchlorates have been produced by a three-step process (/) electrochemical production of sodium chlorate (2) electrochemical oxidation of sodium chlorate to sodium perchlorate and (4) metathesis of sodium perchlorate to other metal perchlorates. The advent of commercially produced pure perchloric acid directly from hypochlorous acid means that several metal perchlorates can be prepared by the reaction of perchloric acid and a corresponding metal oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate. [Pg.67]

Ammonium Perchlorate. The commercial AP product is manufactured by the double-exchange reaction of sodium perchlorate and ammonium chloride (102,103). [Pg.68]

Ammonia, hydrochloric acid, and sodium perchlorate are mixed and the reaction mixture crystallised in a vacuum-cooled crystalliser. Ammonium perchlorate crystals are centrifuged, reslurried, recentrifuged, and then dried and blended for shipment. Mother Hquor is evaporated to precipitate sodium chloride and the depleted mother Hquor is recycled to the reactor. The AP product made by this method is 99% pure and meets the specifications for propeUant-grade ammonium perchlorate. The impurities are ammonium chloride, sodium perchlorate, ammonium chlorate, and water insolubles. [Pg.68]

The U.S. domestic capacity of ammonium perchlorate is roughly estimated at 31,250 t/yr. The actual production varies, based on the requirements for soHd propellants. The 1994 production ran at about 11,200 t/yr, 36% of name plate capacity. Environmental effects of the decomposition products, which result from using soHd rocket motors based on ammonium perchlorate-containing propellants, are expected to keep increasing pubHc pressure until consumption is reduced and alternatives are developed. The 1995 price of ammonium perchlorate is in the range of 1.05/kg. Approximately 450 t/yr of NH ClO -equivalent cell Hquor is sold to produce magnesium and lithium perchlorate for use in the production of batteries (113). Total U.S. domestic sales and exports for sodium perchlorate are about 900 t/yr. In 1995, a solution containing 64% NaClO was priced at ca 1.00/kg dry product was also available at 1.21/kg. [Pg.68]

Interaction of the latter with triphenylphosphine in the presence of sodium perchlorate leads to the cationic complex [(dppm)Au2(li-L)Pd(C Fj)(PPh3)]C10. Reactions of [L Au(p-L)AuL ] (L = bibenzimidazolate L = PPh, dppm)] with [Pd(0C103)(C Fj)(PPh3)2] do not lead to the tetranuclear products. Only the bibenzimidazolate (L) dinuclear product [(PPh3)(C F3)Pd(p-L)Pd(C, F3)(PPh3)] could be isolated in both cases. [Pg.155]

A mixture of water/pyridine appears to be the solvent of choice to aid carbenium ion formation [246]. In the Hofer-Moest reaction the formation of alcohols is optimized by adding alkali bicarbonates, sulfates [39] or perchlorates. In methanol solution the presence of a small amount of sodium perchlorate shifts the decarboxylation totally to the carbenium ion pathway [31]. The structure of the carboxylate can also support non-Kolbe electrolysis. By comparing the products of the electrolysis of different carboxylates with the ionization potentials of the corresponding radicals one can draw the conclusion that alkyl radicals with gas phase ionization potentials smaller than 8 e V should be oxidized to carbenium ions [8 c] in the course of Kolbe electrolysis. This gives some indication in which cases preferential carbenium ion formation or radical dimerization is to be expected. Thus a-alkyl, cycloalkyl [, ... [Pg.116]

Variation op the Solubility Product for Lanthanum Fluoride with Sodium Perchlorate Concentration0... [Pg.96]

Butadienes give a complex mixture of methoxylated products by electrochemical oxidation in methanol with sodium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte [44]. Dimethoxybutenes are formed together with dimers from reaction of medioxybu-tenyl radicals. A platinum anode gives the highest yields of monomeric products while graphite anodes yield only dimeric products. This is a distinction from the... [Pg.40]

Perchlorate is the oxidation product of chlorate. It forms a variety of compounds, including ammonium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate, and perchloric acid. Perchlorate is highly reactive in its solid state, and as ammonium perchlorate it is used as the oxidizer in solid rocket fuel. Because of its limited shelf life, it must be periodically washed out of the country s rocket and missile inventory and replaced. Large volumes of the chemical have been disposed of since the 1950s, and perchlorate has been detected in large concentrations in both groundwater and surface water. Perchlorate has also been used in the manufacture of matches, munitions, fireworks, and in analytical chemistry. [Pg.911]

M. Couleru recommends the use of a cone. soln. of sodium chromate for the successful production of perchlorates. The action is similar to that which is obtained by a little chromate in the electrolyte during the production of chlorates. The sodium perchlorate so produced is very soluble and deliquescent, and it is not usually worked up, but rather converted into the ammonium or potassium salt by the addition of ammonium or potassium chloride. It is advisable to ensure that all the chlorate has been converted into perchlorate before precipitating the perchlorate, otherwise the perchlorate will be contaminated by the chlorate in solid soln. which cannot be removed by washing. A. Angeli recommends electrolyzing... [Pg.375]

In dry acetonitiile/sodium perchlorate, however, sodium methanesulfonate and CO is obtained. A methylthiomethyl cation 159, (Eq. (220) ), is believed to be an intermediate, which is hydrolyzed to formaldehyde and methyl mercaptane. Both products are subsequently oxidized by C1207, formed by dehydration of perchloric acid, to CO and NaS03CH3 465 In spite of the fact that epe was conducted well below the discharge potential of the supporting electrolyte complications arose (Eq. (220) ), that were attributed to anodically generated C104 This observation asks for caution in the use of perchlorates as supporting electrolytes in apro-tic solvents. If possible, tetrafluoroborates or hexafluorophosphates should be used instead. [Pg.130]

Manufacture of different metal perchlorates starts from sodium perchlorate which is, because of its high solubility, easy to prepare electrochemically. Sodium perchlorate is, however, not much used commercially, as it is deliquescent, yet it is an intermediary product for the manufacture of other perchlorates. [Pg.373]

After the electrolysis has been finished, solid sodium perchlorate may be separated from the solution, but usually other salts of perchloric acid are the final products, which are more suitable for commercial use. Potassium perchlorate is prepared by double decomposition of sodium perchlorate solution with potassium ehloride. If ammonium chloride or sulphate is used for the conversion, ammonium perchlorate will be obtained. Similarly, a mutual reaction with barium chloride will result in barium perchlorate. [Pg.375]

Sodium succinate and sodium perchlorate, electrolyzed, by Hofer and Moest,2 gave hydracrylic acid as the chief product, besides acetaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl alcohol, and formic acid. The splitting off of carbonic acid and the introduction of the hydroxyl group occurs only at one carboxyl group ... [Pg.111]

Although the reactivity of enaminones is not always the same as that of typical enamines due to the additional conjugative interaction with the carbonyl group, the anodic oxidation of enaminones seems useful in organic synthesis since they yield dimerized or cyclized products upon anodic oxidation. In anodic oxidation of the enaminones or enaminoesters in methanol containing sodium perchlorate, for instance, derivatives of pyrrole are formed via initial dimerization (equation 4)5. [Pg.461]

Dissolve the remaining product in 50 mL of dichloromethane and 50 mL of methanol and add 1 equiv. of sodium perchlorate. Concentrate the solution on a rotary evaporator to a volume of about 20 mL. Cool the remaining suspension in a refrigerator for 2 d. [Pg.188]

Sodium perchlorate, NaC104 + HzO, (the commercial solid product contains about 75 per cent of NaC104)... [Pg.591]

On reduction with sodium borohydride, product II yielded a pair of radioactive products that were tentatively identified as 2-deoxy-L-Zyxo-hexose and 2,6-dideoxy-L-arafeino-hexose. This result, together with the chromatographic properties of II, and its reaction on chromatograms with vanillin-perchloric acid to give a blue color, are consistent with the structure of 2,6-dideoxy-L-Zyxo-hexos-4-ulose (20) for II. This structure is also consistent with the concept that II (20) is, very probably, the precursor of III (19). [Pg.94]


See other pages where Sodium perchlorate production is mentioned: [Pg.196]    [Pg.189]    [Pg.196]    [Pg.189]    [Pg.199]    [Pg.77]    [Pg.149]    [Pg.284]    [Pg.59]    [Pg.9]    [Pg.242]    [Pg.88]    [Pg.96]    [Pg.360]    [Pg.36]    [Pg.312]    [Pg.314]    [Pg.360]    [Pg.265]    [Pg.79]    [Pg.589]    [Pg.199]    [Pg.762]    [Pg.77]    [Pg.7]    [Pg.15]    [Pg.21]    [Pg.181]    [Pg.204]    [Pg.376]    [Pg.109]    [Pg.61]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.144 ]




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