Sodium partitioning

Blundy JD, Falloon TJ, Wood BJ, Dalton JA (1995) Sodium partitioning between clinopyroxene and silicate melts. J GeophysRes 100 15501-15515... 

Durand M, Lacan D. Sodium partitioning within the shoot of soybean. Physiol Plant 1994 65-71. 

The constant K is termed the distribution or partition coefficient. As a very rough approximation the distribution coefficient may be assumed equal to the ratio of the solubilities in the two solvents. Organic compounds are usually relatively more soluble in organic solvents than in water, hence they may be extracted from aqueous solutions. If electrolytes, e.g., sodium chloride, are added to the aqueous solution, the solubility of the organic substance is lowered, i.e., it will be salted out this will assist the extraction of the organic compound. 

In the first step cumene is oxidized to cumene hydroperoxide with atmospheric air or air enriched with oxygen ia one or a series of oxidizers. The temperature is generally between 80 and 130°C and pressure and promoters, such as sodium hydroxide, may be used (17). A typical process iavolves the use of three or four oxidation reactors ia series. Feed to the first reactor is fresh cumene and cumene recycled from the concentrator and other reactors. Each reactor is partitioned. At the bottom there may be a layer of fresh 2—3% sodium hydroxide if a promoter (stabilizer) is used. Cumene enters the side of the reactor, overflows the partition to the other side, and then goes on to the next reactor. The air (oxygen) is bubbled ia at the bottom and leaves at the top of each reactor. 

A mixture of B g (0.0356 mol) of p-(2.2-dichlorocyclopropyl)phenol, 11.2 g (0.2B mol) of sodium hydroxide pellets, 11 g of chloroform and 350 ml of acetone was prepared at 0°C. The cooling bath was removed, the mixture stirred for a minute and then heated on a steam bath to reflux temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux for three hours and then concentrated in vacuo. The residual gum was partitioned between dilute hydrochloric acid and ether, and the ether layer was separated, dried and concentrated in vacuo. The residual oil (14 g) was partitioned between dilute aqueous sodium bicarbonate and ether. The sodium bicarbonate solution was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid and extracted with ether. The ether solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue (9.5 g of yellow oil) was crystallized twice from hexane to give 6.0 g of 2-[p-(2,2-dlchlorocyclopropyDphenoxyl -2-methyl propionic acid in theformof apalecream[Pg.347]

The mercury plus aqueous phase was separated, after partitioning, from the ether the latter may be further washed with water, with 0.5 N sodium hydroxide, and again with water to purify the alpha glycol. Evaporation of the ethereal phase yielded a crystalline residue of the isomeric transoid (16(/3),17(a)-dihydroxy-steroid-3-methyi ether and cisoid 16(Q ),17(a)-di-hydroxy-steroid-3-methyi ether. 

Filtration of the catalyst over a Hyflo pad and removal of the solvent left a yellow crystalline residue. The crude mixture of ketone and potassium acetate was partitioned between methylene chloride (300 cc) and water (1 liter), The layers were separated and the water layer washed with methylene chloride (3 x 50 cc). The organic layers were combined, washed with 3N sodium hydroxide solution (2 x 50 cc), water (3 x 100 cc), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed and the product recrystallized from ethanol to give 2-amino-2 -fluorobenzophenone as yellow prisms melting at 126° to 128°C,... 

Urea (118 g, 1.96 mols) was added to 192 g (0.98 mol) of 3-(3, 5 -dlmethylphenoxy)-1,2-propane-diol which had previously been heated to 150°C. The reaction mixture was then heated rapidly to 195° to 200°C and maintained at this temperature for 5 hours with constant stirring. The resulting mixture was partitioned between water and ethyl acetate and the ethyl acetate layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was distilled in vacuo and the fraction boiling at 220° to 225°C/1.5 mm was collected. Yield, 172 g (79%). The distillate was crystallized from dry ethyl acetate MP, 121.5° to 123°C. 

In some metal components it is possible to form oxides and carbides, and in others, especially those with a relatively wide solid solubility range, to partition the impurity between the solid and the liquid metal to provide an equilibrium distribution of impurities around the circuit. Typical examples of how thermodynamic affinities affect corrosion processes are seen in the way oxygen affects the corrosion behaviour of stainless steels in sodium and lithium environments. In sodium systems oxygen has a pronounced effect on corrosion behaviour whereas in liquid lithium it appears to have less of an effect compared with other impurities such as C and Nj. According to Casteels Li can also penetrate the surface of steels, react with interstitials to form low density compounds which then deform the surface by bulging. For further details see non-metal transfer. 

Benzoyl-6-deoxy-6-iodo-2,3-0-isopropylidene-a-i, - xylohexulofura-nose (47). A solution of 15 grams (31.3 mmole) of 46 in butanone (200 ml.) containing dry sodium iodide (9.3 grams, 62 mmole) was refluxed for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, the sodium tosylate removed by filtration, and the filtrate concentrated to dryness. The residue was partitioned between water (50 ml.) and chloroform (2 X 50 ml.) the combined chloroform solutions were washed with water, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to a colorless sirup which spontaneously crystallized. Recrystallization from aqueous methanol afforded pure material in two crops (11.6 grams, 85%), m.p. 115°-117°C, [ ]D24 + 36.0° (c, 5.3). Anal Calcd. for C16H1906 C, 44.2 H, 4.4 I, 29.3. Found C, 44.3 H, 4.5 I, 29.4. 

A solution of the primary amine (lOmmol), t-butylchlorodiphenylsilane (lOmmol), and triethylamine (15mmol) in MeCN (30ml) was stirred at ambient temperature for 1-3 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was partitioned between hexane/AcOEt (4 1), and 1 M sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. The organic phase was dried over a mixture of potassium carbonate and sodium sulphate. 

HF-induced elimination (5). To a solution of aqueous HF (4 drops, 50%) in MeCN (8 ml) was added a solution of the /3-hydroxysilane (lmmol) in MeCN (2ml), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature until t.l.c. analysis indicated completion (5-20min). The reaction mixture was then partitioned between pentane (50 ml) and saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (10ml). The aqueous layer was extracted thoroughly with pentane (3 x 50 ml), and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine and dried. Concentration followed by chromatographic purification gave the product alkenes. 

Acid-induced elimination. To a solution of the alcohol (0.632 mmol) in THF (10ml) was added concentrated sulphuric acid (2drops), and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 10 h. It was then partitioned between ether and saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. Work-up as above gave the alkenes as an 8 92 mixture of ( ) (Z) isomers, in 99% yield (g.l.c.). 

---