Sodium lauryl polyoxyethylene sulfates

Effect of Ethoxylated Anionic Surfactants. Model system results for a series of sodium lauryl polyoxyethylene sulfates and sulfonates are presented in Table III. Surprisingly, the PLMA MW does not vary with the degree of ethoxylation However, the sulfonate results have larger M Ws than the sulfate results. 

Table III. Effect of Degree of Ethoxylation in Sodium Lauryl Polyoxyethylene Sulfates and Sulfonates on PLMA MW...

Note Polymerization conditions 0.014 M LMA, 0.035 M sodium lauryl polyoxyethylene sulfate, 0.049 M C12EO5, 0.072 M mercap-toethanol, no propanamide. 

A 62 35 3 ethyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid copolymer latex was prepared by continuous addition of the monomer mixture over a 4-hour period at 80° (22). The emulsifier was a sodium lauryl ether sulfate-nonylphenol polyoxyethylene adduct (20 moles ethylene oxide) mixture, the initiator a potassium persulfate-sodium hydroxulfite mixture, and the buffer a sodium bicarbonate-potassium hydroxide mixture. The final latex of pH 6.5 contained 40% solids, and the Tg of the copolymer was 13°. 

The material balance of the strong-acid groups showed a theoretical total of 0.194 meq/gm polymer from the sodium lauryl ether sulfate, potassium persulfate, and sodium hydrosulfite, in comparison with a measured total of 0.205 meq/gm (0.026 on particle surface 0.179 in serum) by serum replacement and a total of 0.215 meq/gm by ion exchange with Dowex 50W(H+). The material balance of the acrylic acid showed that 29.9% was on the particle surface, 28.6% in the aqueous serum, and 41.5% buried inside the particle. The sodium lauryl ether sulfate found in the serum amounted to 78% of that added by Hyamine 1622 titration and 88% by thin-film chromatography. The nonylphenol polyoxyethylene adduct amounted to 113% by iodine-iodide titration and 91% by thin-film chromatography. ... 

Thus these characterization results not only give the distribution of the acrylic acid between the aqueous serum, particle surface, and particle interior, but also account satisfactorily for the total number of strong-acid groups arising from the anionic emulsifier and initiator. In addition, both the sodium lauryl ether sulfate and the nonylphenol polyoxyethylene adduct used in the polymerization were recovered from the fractions obtained by serum replacement. 

Soluble lubricants Adipic acid d, /-Leucine Glyceryl triacetate Magnesium lauryl sulfate PEG 400, 6000, and 8000 Polyoxyethylene monostearates Sodium benzoate Sodium lauryl sulfate Sucrose monolaurate Glidants... 

Surfactants Sodium lauryl sulfate, saponin, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene-20-lauryl ether, alkylmaltosides such as tetradecylmaltoside, dodecylmaltoside, and decylmaltoside Membrane disruption... 

Hoigne and O Neil (1972) studied several features of the y radiation-initialed polymerization in emulsion. Sodium lauryl sulfate, dioctyl and dibutyl sodium sulfosuccinates, and two nonionic, polyoxyethylene-type emulsifiers were used. Sodium lauryl sulfate gave, by far, the hipest rates and most stable lattices and was used for all of the results reported. The rates were found to be 0.43 order on the dose rate and 0.53 on the... 

A variety of additives are incorporated into the dispersions as surfactants (Tween 80, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether, cetyl alcohol, and Pluronic F-68), plasticizers (dibutyl sebacate, oleic acid, and Myvacet 9-40), pigments, antiadherents (fumed silica), anticoagulant (Myvacet 9-40), preservatives (sorbic acid), and stabilizers (ammonia). ... 

Surfactants Sodium lauryl sulfate Polyoxyethylene oxide-9 ethers Solubilization of proteins/peptides Perturbation of membrane layers Extraction of membrane proteins and lipids... 

After cyclodextrins and co-solvents, other approaches can be applied including the use of surfactants and micelle forming agents. Surfactants can be classified as amphoteric (lecithin), non-ionic (Tween 80 or Cremophor EF) or ionic (sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium palmitate). Cremophor is a polyoxyethylenated castor oil derivative which is a common solubilizing excipient in a number of formulations including those for paclitaxel, propofol, teniposide and clanfenur... 

Polysorbates (Tweens), sorbitan esters (Spans), polyoxyethylene monohexadeeyl ether Sodium lauryl sulfate, SLS or SDS, sodium docusate... 

The effect of surfactants on the degradation of pi-lactam antibiotics is difficult to interpret. As shown in Fig. 116, acid degradation of propicillin in solutions was inhibited by polyoxyethylene-23-laurylether (a nonionic surfactant) and CTAB (a cationic surfactant) but enhanced by sodium lauryl sulfate (an anionic surfactant).485 Degradation of cefaclor (an a-aminophenyl cepalosporin) was enhanced by CTAB. The dependence on salt concentration suggests a complex mechanism for the effect of surfactants on degradation of cefaclor.486... 

Figure 116. Effect of surfactants on the degradation of propicillin at 37°C. , Polyoxyethylene-23-laurylether, pH 1.10 A, sodium lauryl sulfate, pH 3.00 CTAB, pH 1.10. (Reproduced from Ref. 485 with permission.)...

Polyoxyethylene (8) lauryl ether sulfate, sodium salt ... 

Nonionic and small molecular emulsifiers such as poly(vinyl alcohol), polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, and sodium lauryl sulfate can also be employed to make amino resin-type microcapsules. 

The types of surfactants used in an emulsion polymerization span the entire range of anionic, cationic, and nonionic species. The most commonly used soaps are alkyl sulfates such as sodium lauryl sulfate [151-21-3], alkylaryl sulfates such as sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate [25155-30-0], and alkyl or aryl polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants (87,101-104). Product stability and particle size control are the driving forces which determine the types of surfactants employed mixtures of nonionic and anionic surfactants are commonly used to achieve these goals (105-108). 

Anionic surfactants are the most commonly used type in the emulsion polymerization. These include sulfates (sodium lauryl sulfate), sulfonates (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate), fatty acid soaps (sodium or potassium stearate, laurate, palmitate), and the Aerosol series (sodium dialkyl sulphosuccinates) such as Aerosol OT (AOT, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate) and Aerosol MA (AMA, sodium dihexyl sulphosuccinates). The sulfates and sulfonates are useful for polymerization in acidic medium where fatty acid soaps are unstable or where the final product must be stable toward either acid or heavy-metal ions. The AOT is usually dissolved in organic solvents to form the thermodynamically stable reverse micelles. [22] Nonionic surfactants usually include the Brij type, Span-Tween 80 (a commercial mixture of sorbitol monooleate and polysorbate 80), TritonX-100[polyoxyethylene(9)4-(l,l,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl... 

Another relatively new lipophilicity scale proposed for use in ADME studies is based on MEKC [106]. A further variant is called BMC and uses mobile phases of Brij35 [polyoxyethylene(23)lauryl ether] [129]. Similarly, the retention factors of 16 P-blockers obtained with micellar chromatography with sodium dodecyl sulfate as micelle-forming agent correlates well with permeability coefficients in Caco-2 monolayers and apparent permeability coefficients in rat intestinal segments [130]. 

SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate CTAB, cetyltrimeihylammonium bromide Brij-35. polyoxyethylene-23-lauryl ether sulfobetaine, A/-dodccyl-A/,A/-dimethyl-ammonium-3-propune I sulfonic ncld. 

SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate HDTC1 hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride HDTBr hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide Brij 35 polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether DTAC dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride TTAC1 tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride HDPB hexadecylpyridinium bromide KDC potassium decanoate SPFO sodium perfluorooctanoate KTC potassium tetradecanoate... 

Sodium metaphosphate 3438,3463 Sodium polyoxyethylene lauryl sulfate 3454... 

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