Sodium hypochlorite conditions

Hoffman Degradation. Polyacrylamide reacts with alkaline sodium hypochlorite [7681-52-9], NaOCl, or calcium hypochlorite [7778-54-3], Ca(OCl)2, to form a polymer with primary amine groups (58). Optimum conditions for the reaction include a slight molar excess of sodium hypochlorite, a large excess of sodium hydroxide, and low temperature (59). Cross-linking sometimes occurs if the polymer concentration is high. High temperatures can result in chain scission. 

Reaction of perfluoroaLkenes and hypochlorites has been shown to be a general synthesis of perfluoroepoxides (32) (eq. 7). This appears to be the method of choice for the preparation of epoxides from internal fluoroalkenes (38). Excellent yields of HFPO from hexafluoropropylene and sodium hypochlorite using phase-transfer conditions are claimed (34). 

Several electrophiles, such as acetic anhydride, nitric acid or alternative nitrating agents, such as ammonium nitrate in trifluoroacetic anhydride (41), or sodium hypochlorite, react at N-1, which is followed by reaction at N-3 under suitable conditions. In the case of acetic anhydride, the reaction can take place exclusively at N-3 if N-1 is hindered this fact has served as a criterion for studying the stereochemistry of 5-spirohydantoin derivatives (42,43). 

The dimethyl ethers of hydroquiaones and 1,4-naphthalenediols can be oxidized with silver(II) oxide or ceric ammonium nitrate. Aqueous sodium hypochlorite under phase-transfer conditions has also produced efficient conversion of catechols and hydroquiaones to 1,2- and 1,4-benzoquiaones (116), eg, 4-/-butyl-l,2-ben2oquinone [1129-21-1] ia 92% yield. 

NaOCL Sodium hypochlorite proves to be a useful reagent under PTC conditions for the following transformations (30) ... 

Oxidation under moderate conditions (83) yields soUd products referred to as oxyceUuloses. This general term describes various products that must be qualified by indicating the oxidant employed. Among oxidants used are periodate, dinitrogen tetroxide, and sodium hypochlorite. CeUulose is particularly susceptible to oxidation under alkaline conditions. 

Available Chlorine Test. The chlorine germicidal equivalent concentration test is a practical-type test. It is called a capacity test. Under practical conditions of use, a container of disinfectant might receive many soiled, contaminated instniments or other items to be disinfected. Eventually, the capacity of the disinfectant to serve its function would be overloaded due to reaction with the accumulated organic matter and organisms. The chlorine germicidal equivalent concentration test compares the load of a culture of bacteria that a concentration of a disinfectant will absorb and still kill bacteria, as compared to standard concentrations of sodium hypochlorite tested similarly. In the test, 10 successive additions of the test culture are added to each of 3 concentrations of the hypochlorite. One min after each addition a sample is transferred to the subculture medium and the next addition is made 1.5 min after the previous one. The disinfectant is then evaluated in a manner similar to the phenol coefficient test. For equivalence, the disinfectant must yield the same number of negative tubes as one of the chlorine standards. 

Oxidation ofpentafluoroaniline by sodium hypochlorite under phase-transfer conditions leads to perfluoroazobenzene as the main product [86] (equation 78)... 

The sequence has been applied to the synthesis of 1,4-cyclohexanedione from hydroquinone 10), using W-7 Raney nickel as prepared by Billica and Adkins 6), except that the catalyst was stored under water. The use of water as solvent permitted, after hltration of the catalyst, direct oxidation of the reaction mixture with ruthenium trichloride and sodium hypochlorite via ruthenium tetroxide 78). Hydroquinone can be reduced to the diol over /o Rh-on-C at ambient conditions quantitatively (20). 

Other metals can also be used as a catalytic species. For example, Feringa and coworkers <96TET3521> have reported on the epoxidation of unfunctionalized alkenes using dinuclear nickel(II) catalysts (i.e., 16). These slightly distorted square planar complexes show activity in biphasic systems with either sodium hypochlorite or t-butyl hydroperoxide as a terminal oxidant. No enantioselectivity is observed under these conditions, supporting the idea that radical processes are operative. In the case of hypochlorite, Feringa proposed the intermediacy of hypochlorite radical as the active species, which is generated in a catalytic cycle (Scheme 1). 

Cyanide oxidation consists of a reaction with sodium hypochlorite under alkaline conditions in either a batch or continuous system. A complete system includes reactors, sensors, controls, mixers, and... 

Method Cyanide is destroyed by reaction with sodium hypochlorite under alkaline conditions. System component Reaction tanks, a reagent storage and feed system, mixers, sensors, and controls two identical reaction tanks sized as the above-ground cylindrical tank with a retention time of 4 h. Chemical storage consists of covered concrete tanks to store 60 d supply of sodium hypochlorite and 90 d supply of sodium hydroxide. 

Singlet oxygen has also been proposed and this can indeed be formed, particularly in mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. However, carefully designed experiments showed that under these conditions sodium hypochlorite has neither a direct... 

In a variation of the usual reaction conditions for oxidising furfuraldehyde to 2-furoic acid with hypochlorite, the aldehyde was added dropwise to a 10% excess of commercial sodium hypochlorite solution at 20-25°C, but without the inclusion of additional sodium hydroxide. When aldehyde addition was almost complete, a violent explosion occurred. Subsequent investigation showed that the pH of the reaction mixture fell progressively with addition of aldehyde, and at pH 8.5 the reaction mixture erupted violently, the temperature increased by 70°C and the pH fell to 2. Similar results were seen with benzaldehyde, but not with thiophene-2-aldehyde. 

Bioassays are performed under sterile conditions in a laminar flow hood. Tomato seeds are previously washed and disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite. Seeds are germinated in the Petri dishes containing the S. deppei aqueous leachate. For control, seeds are germinated in 1% agar. Twelve seeds are placed on each Petri dish and kept in the dark at 27°C in a growth chamber. For enzyme activities, 40-50 Petri dishes are used per treatment. Primary roots (radicles) are excised after 72 h, frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept at -70 °C until use. For root growth response, experiments... 

Halogenation of 2-methyl-l,3,4-thiadiazole 9 can be achieved under free radical conditions. Trichloro- and tribromomcthyl-l, 3,4-thiadiazolcs have been obtained by this method <1980LA1216>. Rapid and selective free radical monochlorination of the 2-mercapto-5-methyl-l,3,4-thiadiazole 9 was achieved using sodium hypochlorite under microwave conditions (Equation 27) <1998JCM586>. 

Epoxidation with sodium hypochlorite.1 Ni(salen), is an effective catalyst for oxidation of some alkenes with NaOCl under phase-transfer conditions. Styrenes... 

The existing mercury cell plant in Melbourne (ICI Mark 1 cells) is 14 000 tonnes per annum capacity whereas the market demand in Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania is 30 000 tonnes per annum. Owing to the age, condition and location of this plant (adjacent to residential areas and 5 km from the centre of Melbourne), it was decided to close this site and construct a new Greenfield plant in Laverton North, approximately 10 km away. The new plant includes chlor-alkali manufacture, sodium hypochlorite, hydrochloric acid, liquid chlorine storage and packing and chlor-paraffin manufacture. 

R Based on sodium hypochlorite solution MSDS. Generates heat and toxic vapors can form explosive nitrogen trichloride under certain conditions... 

Bromobenzenes are converted into the corresponding chloro compounds on reaction with aqueous sodium hypochlorite in the presence of tetra-n-buty lammoni um hydrogen sulphate [40]. The reaction is pH dependent. At pH > 10, the bromobenzenes are effectively inert, but over the pH range 7.5-9, conversion occurs into the chlorobenzenes without any side reactions and the reaction appears to be light-induced. At more acidic levels (pH 4-5), bromobenzene is converted quantitatively into chlorobenzene within one hour. No reaction occurs in the absence of the catalyst and yields from light and dark reactions are comparable. Side reactions are observed, however, with substituted bromobenzenes under these low pH conditions. 

Under more vigorous oxidative conditions, using a sodium hypochlorite/ammo-nium tribromide system, the initially formed amines, derived from substituted acetamides, are oxidized to nitriles (Scheme 9.3) [3],... 

Methylbenzenes are oxidized to the corresponding benzoic acids in very high yield under phase-transfer catalytic conditions by sodium hypochlorite in the presence of ruthenium trichloride, which is initially oxidized to ruthenium tetroxide [5]. Absence of either the ruthenium or the quaternary ammonium salt totally inhibits the reaction. 

Many examples of the phase-transfer catalysed epoxidation of a,(3-unsaturated carbonyl compounds using sodium hypochlorite have been reported [e.g. 7-10]. The addition of transition metal complexes also aids the reaction [11], but advantages in reaction time or yields are relatively insignificant, whereas the use of hexaethyl-guanidinium chloride, instead of a tetra-alkylammonium salt, enhances the rate of epoxidation while retaining the high yields (>95%) [10]. Intermediate (3-haloalkanols are readily converted into the oxiranes under basic conditions in the presence of benzyltriethylammonium chloride [12]. 

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