Sodium fluoride toxicity

The myotic, toxic and other physiological properties of the dialkyl phosphorofluoridates, POF(O.R)2, have been fully described on pp. 42, 68 et seq. In 19444 we described an analogous compound of the phosphorofluoridite series, namely, diethyl phosphorofluoridite, PF(OEt)2. This could not be prepared by the action of sodium fluoride on the corresponding diethyl phosphorochloridite (the preparation of which is considered below). We obtained it, however, by the action of ethyl alcohol on phosphorus dichlorofluoride,... 

Workers exposed to an airborne fluoride concentration of 5mg/m complained of eye and respiratory tract irritation and nausea. The lethal oral dose of sodium fluoride for humans has been estimated to be 32-65 mg F/kg of body weight. Effects from ingestion are diffuse abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting excessive salivation, thirst, and perspiration painful spasms of the limbs and sometimes albuminuria." Gastrointestinal effects produced after the acute ingestion of toxic amounts of fluoride likely arise from the corrosive action of hydrofluoric acid, which is produced within the acidic environment of the stomach. Cardiac arrest after accidental exposure to high levels of fluoride has been attributed to the development of hypocalcemia and/or hyperkalemia. ... 

Sodium fluoride is an acute toxicant. Ingestion of large quantites (5 to lOg) can cause death in humans. Smaller quantities can produce nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stupor, and weakness. Other symptoms are tremor, muscular weakness, and dyspnea. Mottling of teeth can occur from chronic exposure. 

The toxicity of fluoride depends on the type of compound ingested. Generally, the more soluble salts of inorganic fluorides, such as sodium fluoride, are more toxic that those that are either weakly soluble or insoluble [42]. Readily soluble fluoride compounds release free fluoride ions on dissolution, while fluoride compounds that are insoluble or poorly soluble do not [57,58]. Fluoride from the former... 

Caution Sodium fluoride is highly toxic and should be handled with gloves in a well-ventilated hood. It was purchased from Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp. and used without purification. 

The pressure vessel is heated with agitation at 100° for 4 hours and at 130° for 6 hours. The vessel is allowed to cool to room temperature and the volatile by-products [Caution Toxic (Note 4)] are vented. The crude, fuming, liquid product (Note 5) is poured into a stirred suspension of 10 g. of finely divided sodium fluoride in 60 ml. of pentane (Note 6), the mixture is filtered, and the filtrate is fractionated through a 6-in. Vigreux column. 1,1,1-Trifluoroheptane is collected at 100-101°/760 mm., 1.3449. The yield is 21.7-24.6 g. (70-80%). 

Gogte ST. 1970. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetracycline and toxicity of barium chloride and sodium fluoride [letter to editor], Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 14 61-62. 

The probable mode of action of the fluorides is the inhibition of a large number of metal-containing enzymes with which the fluoride forms complexes. These enzymes include phosphatases and phosphorylases. Because sodium fluoride may complex with many key enzymes, it is highly toxic to all plant and animal life. An example of a commercial product is Florocid. 

Sodium fluoride is a crystalline mineral once widely used in the United States for control of larvae and crawling insects in homes, bams, warehouses and other storage areas. It is highly toxic to all plant and animal life. 

Sodium fluosilicate (sodium silico fluoride) has been used to control ectoparasites on livestock, as well as crawling insects in homes and work buildings. It is approximately as toxic as sodium fluoride. 

Sodium fluoride and fluosilicate used as insecticides present a serious toxic hazard to humans because of high inherent toxicity, and the possibility that children crawling on floors of treated dwellings will ingest the material. 

Disulfuryl fluoride is a clear colorless liquid with a boiling point of 51°. Its vapor pressure over the temperature range —28 to 43° follows the equation logioP(mm.) = 8.015— 1662/T. It has an inhalation toxicity of the same order as that of phosgene, and should be handled only in a well-ventilated area. Its thermal decomposition to sulfur trioxide and sulfuryl fluoride is not very appreciable below 200° but is rapid at 400-500°. In the presence of metal fluorides such as ceaum or sodium fluoride, however, its decomposition point is considerably low er. It hydrolyzes rather slowly to give fluorosulfuric acid. It is not very soluble in cold concentrated sulfuric acid or fluorosulfuric acid, but is soluble in acetonitrile, ethyl ether, carbon tetrachloride, monofluorotrichloromethane, and benzene. 

Carbonyl fluoride, COFj. Mol. wt. 60.01, toxic gas, b.p. —81°. Prepared from carbon monoxide and silver (II) fluoride and by introduction of liquid phosgene into a suspension of sodium fluoride in acetonitrile. Suppliers Peninsular Chem-Research, Pierce Chem. Co. 

Dithiocarbamates, perhalogenmercaptans, sulfamides, copper salts, and ferric sulfate may be classified in this group. They all seem to be quite reactive against SH groups or are free radical generators. Detergents such as dodine and toxic salts such as sodium fluoride also have a multisite mode of action. 

The salts removed from the molten salt bath will contain all the normal salts produced by incineration (sodium fluoride, chloride, sulfate, etc.). The total volume will exceed that of incineration because of unreacted material from the salt bath. These salts are all soluble and will have to be treated as toxic waste in a landfill. 

In a follow-up article appearing in the April 2005 issue. Null and Feldman describe the neurotoxic and toxic effects of fluoride on the brain and thyroid gland. For instance, increased brain concentrations of aluminum compounds or complexes were observed in animal studies where aluminum or sodium fluoride was administered, the connection being that presence of aluminum is sometimes associated with Alzheimer s disease. The call is to Stop Huoridation Now. ... 

The ester fluorides of phosphoric acid and phosphonic adds were the earliest known examples of biologically active phosphorus compounds. Sarin (2) and soman (3), previously mentioned, did not attain practical importance because of their high toxicity, but they were the starting point for the development of other derivatives more suitable for agricultural purposes. Within this framework Schrader developed N,N,N, N -tetramethyl phosphorodiamidofluoridate (14), which is used under the name dimefox. It is produced by the reaction of phosphoryl chloride with dimethylamine and the subsequent interaction of the phosphoro-chloridate formed with sodium fluoride (Schrader, 1947). 

ANTHRACENE or ANTRACENO (Spanish) or ANTHRACIN (120-12-7) Cj4H,o Dust or fine powder forms an explosive mixture with air [explosion limits in air (vol %) 0.6to uel unknown flash point 250°F/121°C cc autoignition temp 1000°F/538°C Fire Rating 1]. Contact with strong oxidizers, chromic acid, calcium hypochlorite fluorine may cause flame and possible explosive reaction. High heat and contact with oxidizers release carbon dioxide carbon monoxide and acrid, toxic fumes and gases. On small fires, use dry chemical powder (such as Purple-K-Powder), foam, or COj extinguishers. ANTIBULIT (7681-49-4) see sodium fluoride. 

Fluoride ion is poisonous in relatively low amounts 0.2 g of F per 70 kg of body weight can cause death. Nevertheless, in order to prevent tooth decay, F ions are added to drinking water at a concentration of 1 mg of F ion per L of water. How many liters of fluoridated drinking water would a 70-kg person have to consume in one day to reach this toxic level How many kilograms of sodium fluoride would be needed to treat a 7.00x10 -gal reservoir ... 

Human Toxicity Prolonged absorption may cause mottling of teeth, skeletal changes see Sodium Fluoride (chronic effects). 

AI3-16931 Albaphos Dental Na 211 Disodium fluorophosphate Disodium monofluorophosphate Disodium phosphorofluoridate EINECS 233-433-0 NSC 248 Phosphorofluoridic acid, disodium salt Sodium fluorophosphate (NazPOaF) Sodium monofluorophosphate Sodium phosphorofluoridate. A fluorine-containing component for toothpastes, the toxic effects of which are only 1/3 of those of sodium fluoride. Hoechst UK Ltd. 

HUMAN TOXICITY DATA (Note Toxicity data for sodium fluoride (NaF) will be used for illustrative purposes). Oral human LDLo 71 mg/kg toxic effect central nervous system, musculo-skeletal effects, such as osteoporosis and muscular degeneration intradermal-human TDLo 14pg/kg toxic effect peripheral nervous system effects, mucous membrane effects oral-man TDLo 1662 mg/kg toxic effect cardiovascular system, pulmonary effects, gastrointestinal tract oral-woman LDLo 90 mg/kg oral-woman LDLo 360 mg/kg toxic effect pulmonary effects, gastrointestinal tract oral-woman TDLo 7 mg/kg toxic effect eye, pulmonary effects unreported-man LDLo 75 mg/kg. 

Caution. Sulfur(IV) fluoride, sulfur chlorides, and sodium fluoride are toxic chemicals. This procedure should be carried out in a well-ventilated hood with allowance for the fact that vapors heavier than air are involved. 

Binary salts have varying hazards, one of which is toxicity. Some of the binary salts are highly toxic, such as sodium fluoride, calcium phosphide, and mercuric chloride. Cyanide salts are also highly toxic, such as sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide. The remaining salts, binary oxides, peroxide, hydroxides, and oxysalts are generally not considered toxic. 

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