Sulfonated 5 dodecane

Sodium dodecane sulfonate Dodecyl triethylene glycol ether -3.2 -2.6... 

Sodium dodecane sulfonate A-Dodecyl-A-benzyl-A-methylglycine -6.9 -5.4... 

FIG. 35 The phase behavior of dodecane sulfonic acid with water. O, Doubly refracting material appears as the isotropic solution is cooled. <3, Isotropic solution appears as the liquid crystal is heated. CD, Crystalline solid disappears on heating. Pairs of solid points connected with the vertical dashed lines mark the appearance and disappearance of pseudoisotropy as samples are heated. The area ABC, within which the intermediate mesophase exists alone, is not precisely determined. 

Different results were obtained by Kobayashi and colleagues [76] performing the Diels-Alder reaction of 2,3-dimethyl butadiene with N-butylmaleimide in water in the presence of various dodecyl sulfate (DS) and dodecane sulfonate (DCS) LASCs [M(DS) M = Sc, Cu n = 3, 2 M(DCS) M = Sc, Yb, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Na, Ag n = 3,2, 1]. Unexpectedly, no acceleration was observed with respect to the reactions carried out in water only, and no catalytic effect was found also by using a bidentate dienophile which, in principle, should be able to coordinate the metal cation in the LASC system. 

A study using resuspended river sediment (Marchesi et al. 1991) illustrated the important interdependence of substrate attachment to particulate matter and its biodegradability. Addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate that is degradable resulted in a relative increase in the number of particle-associated bacteria, whereas this was not observed with the nondegrad-able analogs such as sodium tetradecyl sulfate or sodium dodecane sulfonate. 

A recent notable finding in this field is Mukaiyama aldol reactions in aqueous medium (THF H20 = 9 1) catalyzed by metal salts. Lewis acids based on Fe(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II), and those of some main group metals and lanthanides are stable in water. Remarkably, the aldol reaction shown in Sch. 29 occurs more rapidly than the hydrolysis of the silyl enol ether [137]. In the presence of surfactants (dodecyl sulfates or dodecane sulfonate salts), reactions of thioketene silyl acetals with benzaldehyde can be performed in water [138]. 

Surfactants used to characterize the main properties of the precipitate surface i.e. the specific surface area and heterogeneity are 1 sodium dodecane sulfonate-SDS (ref. Merck 12146) with a Krafft point of 31°C and solubility of 6.5T0 M [8] in water at 25°C and 1 sodium tetradecane sulfonate -STS (ref. Merck 12362) with a Krafft point of 46°C and solubility of 1.36T0 M [8] in water at 25°C. 

Tetrabutylammonium phosphate Tetramethylammonium hydrogen sulfate Cetyltrimethylammonium hydrogen sulfate Butane sulfonic acid Pentane sulfonic acid Hexane sulfonic acid Octane sulfonic acid Dodecane sulfonic acid 1-Pentane sulfonate, sodium 1-Octane sulfonate, sodium 1-Dodecyl sulfate, sodium... 

By modifying the synthetic process, the parent hydrocarbon can be sulfated to yield dodecane sulfonic acid, having a direct carbon-sulfur bond... 

Figure 35 Surfactant binding to BSA in 10 M NaCl (open symbols) and in 10 M NaCl (filled symbols). (A) SDS (O) sodium dodecane sulfonate ( ) octyl benzene sulfonate. (From Ref. 146.)...

Thin-layer chromatography is a rapid, inexpensive method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of mixtures of anionics. Table 1 shows several normal phase systems designed to separate particular surfactant mixtures. For example, LAS, dodecylsulfate, and dodecane-sulfonate are completely resolved with a MIBK/propanol/acetic acid/acetonitrile system (6). 

Figure 20 shows the plot of the surface tension vs. the logarithm of the concentration (or-lg c-isotherms) of sodium alkanesulfonates C,0-C15 at 45°C. In accordance with the general behavior of surfactants, the interfacial activity increases with growing chain length. The critical micelle concentration (cM) is shifted to lower concentration values. The typical surface tension at cM is between 38 and 33 mN/m. The ammonium alkanesulfonates show similar behavior, though their solubility is much better. The impact of the counterions is twofold First, a more polarizable counterion lowers the cM value (Fig. 21), while the aggregation number of the micelles rises. Second, polarizable and hydrophobic counterions, such as n-propyl- or isopropylammonium and n-butylammonium ions, enhance the interfacial activity as well (Fig. 22). Hydrophilic counterions such as 2-hydroxyethylammonium have the opposite effect. Table 14 summarizes some data for the dodecane 1-sulfonates.

FIG. 20 CT-lg c Isotherms of homologous sodium alkane 1-sulfonates in water at 45 °C. , Decane 1-sulfonate , dodecane 1-sulfonate , tridecane 1-sulfonate a, tetradecane 1-sulfonate x, pentadecane 1-sulfonate. 

TABLE 14 Surfactant Properties of Dodecane 1-Sulfonates with Different Counterions in Water at 25 °C... 

FIG. 23 CT-lg c Isotherms for sodium alkanesulfonates with the functional group in different positions, x, Dodecane 1-sulfonate (45°C) , dodecane 5-sulfonate (25°C) , pentadecane 1-sulfonate (45°C) , pentadecane 8-sulfonate (45°C). 

Thermochemical and thermophysical properties are suitable for the elucidation of the structure-performance relationships of surfactants in solutions. The measurement of, for instance, integral dilution enthalpies provides an appropriate experimental basis [50,51]. The concentration functions of the dilution enthalpies of ammonium dodecane 1-sulfonate (Fig. 29) show a distinct depen-... 

FIG. 29 Integral heats of dilution for a solution of ammonium dodecane 1-sulfonate in water. 

An example for a partially known ternary phase diagram is the sodium octane 1 -sulfonate/ 1-decanol/water system [61]. Figure 34 shows the isotropic areas L, and L2 for the water-rich surfactant phase with solubilized alcohol and for the solvent-rich surfactant phase with solubilized water, respectively. Furthermore, the lamellar neat phase D and the anisotropic hexagonal middle phase E are indicated (for systematics, cf. Ref. 62). For the quaternary sodium octane 1-sulfonate (A)/l-butanol (B)/n-tetradecane (0)/water (W) system, the tricritical point which characterizes the transition of three coexisting phases into one liquid phase is at 40.1°C A, 0.042 (mass parts) B, 0.958 (A + B = 56 wt %) O, 0.54 W, 0.46 [63]. For both the binary phase equilibrium dodecane... 

FIG. 33 X-Ray Diffraction Patterns of Ammonium Dodecane 1-Sulfonate. 2-D (a) and 3-D plots (b) of oriented samples. Both pictures show the presence of a nonordered smectic phase, since the diffuse, weak, wide-angle diffraction indicates only an average distance between the molecules and the sharp, intense small angle reflections a very well defined layer distance. The reflections are perpendicular to each other, so the structure should correspond to an orthogonal smectic A type. The pictures were obtained using an x-1000 area detector from Siemens. 

The phase diagram for the dodecane 1-sulfonic acid/water system was drawn from data obtained by visual inspection, microscopic observations through a... 

The HLB numbers decrease with increasing chain length, e.g., from 13.25 for sodium decane 1-sulfonate to 9.45 for the C18 homolog [72]. Typical HLB numbers for positional isomers range from 12.3 for sodium dodecane 1-sulfonate to 13.2 for the more hydrophilic 6 isomer [73]. The HLB numbers of alkanesulfonates are less influenced by the isomeric position of the functional group and by substituents than the cM values [68]. HLB numbers can be correlated with partition coefficients for the distribution of a surfactant between the aqueous and oily phases, which emphasizes that the partition coefficient is dependent on the carbon number [68]. 

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