Sodium cinnamate

Perkin reaction A condensation between aromatic aldehydes and the sodium salts of fatty acids or their aromatic derivatives. The reaction between benzaldehyde and sodium ethanoate in the presence of ethanoic anhydride leads to sodium cinnamate... 

Benzyl Ginnamate.—The cinnamic acid ester of benzyl alcohol is a natural constituent of storax, tolu, and Peru balsams. It is a crystalline Bubstance with a characteristic sweet balsamic odour. It may be prepared by heating sodium cinnamate, alcohol, and benzyl chloride together under a reflux condenser. It is a useful ester where a sweet balsamic odour is required to be introduced into a perfume, especially cf the heavy type. It forms white, glistening prisms, which melt at 39°, and.decompose when heated to 350°. The best commercial specimens have the following characters —... 

A different approach to blanketing anodic areas involves dissolving organic anions with appropriate hydrophobic (i.e., water-repellent) substituents. The anionic heads of the molecules specifically seek out a positively charged anodic spot, and the hydrophobic tails serve to isolate it from the aqueous solution and so block the ionic part of the corrosion circuit or, at least, modify the electrical double layer (Fig. 16.13). Sodium benzoate and especially sodium cinnamate are particularly effective in this regard. 

Figure 16.13 Blanketing action of an organic anodic inhibitor—in this case, sodium cinnamate.

A decoction of dried twigs of cinnamon can produce an antipyretic effect in mice. Studies conducted in anaesthetized dogs and guinea pigs indicated that cinnamaldehyde, or sodium cinnamate, also produced the hypothermic and antipyretic effects (Chinese Materia Medica, 1996). It also causes a hypotensive effect, which is due mainly to vasodilation of peripheral vessels. Cinnamaldehyde produced an analgesic effect in mice (Wang, 1985). 

MgAl-LDH has been reported [109-111] (see Fig. 9.9). Syn head-to-head cyclodimers were selectively formed in the irradiation of sodium cinnamates between the hydroxide layers. Using the known topochemical limit of between 4 and 5 A for photochemical [2 + 2] cyclodimerization [112], the closest distance of approach for head-to-tail was too great for formation of the head-to-tail (HT) dimer (Fig. 9.9a). Clearly, useful comparisons can be made with the photoactivity of cationic photoactive molecules inside layered (cationic) alu-... 

The first experiments showed that an appreciable amount oS sodium cinnamate was transferred to the anodic compartment when the salt was electrolyzed. To avoid this the reduction was carried out in tlu presence of an excess of sodium hydroxide. The best conditions found were as follows Cathode sheet load (area 260 sq. cm.) anode, sheet lead. The cathodic solution was prepared by adding 30 grams of cinnamii acid to a warm solution of 8.1 grams of sodium hydroxide dissolved ir 400 cc. water. The solution was transferred to a porous cup, heated tsodium hydroxide in 100 cc. of warm water was then slowly added. The additio of the excess of alkali caused the precipitation of a part of the sodiuiv-cinnamate. The solution was stirred during the electrolysis until th( suspended matter dissolved. The temperature was kept at about 60° C A current density of 5.7 amperes per sq. dm. was maintained unti 90.7 per cent of the theoretical current had passed it was then reduced to 2.4 amperes per sq. dm. until 9.8 per cent excess had passed. Thi current efficiency therefore was 83 per cent. 

In the second phase, this salt, under the influence of acetic anhydride, loses water, upon which the sodium cinnamate is formed ... 

The thermoregulated phase-transfer function of nonionic phosphines has been proved by means of the aqueous-phase hydrogenation of sodium cinnamate in the presence of Rh/6 (N =32, R = n-CsHu) complex as the catalyst [16]. As outlined in Figure 2, an unusual inversely temperature-dependent catalytic behavior has been observed. Such an anti-Arrhenius kinetic behavior could only be attributed to the loss of catalytic activity of the rhodium complex when it precipitates from the aqueous phase on heating to its cloud point. Moreover, the reactivity of the catalyst could be restored since the phase separation process is reversible on cooling to a temperature lower than the cloud point. 

Fig. 2 Atmospheric-pressure hydrogenation of sodium cinnamate using Rh/6 (N = 32, R = n-CsH,) as the catalyst in water at different temperatures. The cloud point of the catalyst is 64 °C. Anti-Arrhenius kinetic behavior results due to the inversely temperature-dependent water-solubility of the nonionic phosphine [16].

Note The name Helot was previously used to designate sodium cinnamate. 

Keyakinol is oxidized by air in the presence of sodium cinnamate to keyakinin, and its ultraviolet absorption spectrum resembles that of the tetrahydroxyflavanone katsuranin (3,5,7,4 -tetrahydroxyflavanone) it has been assigned the structure of dihydrokeyakinin (42). 

Styrene, CeHs.CH = CH2, phenylethylene, or styrole, derives its name from its occurrence in storax. It can be prepared by methods which are indicated by its structure. The hydrocarbon bears the same relation to cinnamic acid, C6H5CH = CHC00H, that benzene bears to benzoic acid. It can be prepared by heating sodium cinnamate with sodium hydroxide, or by simply distilling the free acid —... 

Sodium cinnamate-3-i C Cinnamic acid-3-i C J-Hydroxycinnamio aoid-3-i C... 

Most of the biogenetic proposals for the elaboration of the A ring involved the use of phenylalanine or its biochemical equivalent, dl-Phenylalanine-3-i4C was fed (58) as a means of determining which of these possibilities was closer to the true situation. The colchicine activity from this experiment was found almost entirely at C-5, an observation which negates the first two schemes illustrated in Section VII, A. DL-Phenylalanine-2-i4C (59, 62, 64) and DL-phenylalanine-l- C (62, 64) were found to label specifically carbon atoms 6 and 7, respectively. Sodium cinnamate-2- and 3- C were also incorporated (62, 64, 65) specifically into carbons 6 and 5, respectively. The firm conclusion can be reached that the phenylalanine-cinnamic acid pathway is used in the elaboration of ring A and carbon atoms C-5, C-6, and C-7. Similar results were found with demecolcine (6, 59). L-Methionine-i CHa (6, 61) and other C-1 donors (see Table VI), as expected, were excellent sources of the (9-methyl groups. 

Cyclodextrin derivatives have been prepared by the reactions of 6-tosylcyclodex-trin and sodium hydrocinnamate or sodium cinnamate (Scheme 1.1). 

Sodium benzoate [6, 7] (CeHsCOONa), sodium cinnamate [8] (CeHs-CH-CH COONa), and sodium polyphosphate [9,10] (NaPOsjn (Fig. 17.2) are further examples of nonoxidizing compounds that effectively passivate iron in the nearneutral range, apparently through facilitating the adsorption of dissolved oxygen. As little as 5 X sodium benzoate (0.007%) effectively inhibits steel in... 

Wormwell (1953) observed that at 1.5-2% concentration, borax affords complete protection to zinc in contact with certain waters. Sodium benzoate was found to afford partial protection to zinc in water as a result of experiments made to assess its beneficial effect on steel corrosion (Wormwell and Mercer, 1952 Grover et al., 1961). Sodium nitrate similarly reduces the corrosion of zinc in water, while sodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium silicate can afford complete protection. Wormwell and Mercer also showed that sodium cinnamate affords partial protection to zinc in water sodium o-nitrohydrocinnamate, sodium m-nitrociimamate, and sodium p-nitrocinna-mate protect it adequately. 

Despite considerable experimentation and some novel uses, textbooks of medicine before 1890 still, for the most part, referred to the saline treatment of cholera as the only example of intravenous medication. In 1890, Baccelli used quinine successfully to treat malaria, and 4 years later he used mercury to treat syphilis and carbolic acid to treat tetanus. Sodium cinnamate, under the trade name of Hetol, was given intravenously in 1892 to treat tuberculosis, and although even colloidal metals were injected successfully, little serious progress was made. 

These materials build up a protective film of adsorbed molecules on the metal surface, which provides a barrier to the dissolution of the metal in the electrolyte. Because the metal surface covered is proportional to the inhibitor concentrates, the concentration of the inhibitor in the medium is critical. For any specific inhibitor in any given medium there is an optimal concentration. For example, a concentration of 0.05% sodium benzoate or 0.2% sodium cinnamate is effective in water with a pH of 7.5 and containing either 17 ppm sodium chloride or 0.5% by weight of ethyl octanol. The corrosion due to ethylene glycol coohng water systems can be controlled by the use of ethanolamine as an inhibitor. 

The values of k bs at different [MX] (MX= sodium benzoate," sodium cinnamate, sodium 2-chlorobenzoate, sodium 4-methoxybenzoate, disodium phthalate, disodium isophthalate, disodium fumarate, and sodium sulfate"" ) for piperidinolysis of PS were found to fit to Equation 3.47, where Kx/s and k ... 

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