Sodium chloride hydrolysis

Phosgene addition is continued until all the phenoHc groups are converted to carbonate functionahties. Some hydrolysis of phosgene to sodium carbonate occurs incidentally. When the reaction is complete, the methylene chloride solution of polymer is washed first with acid to remove residual base and amine, then with water. To complete the process, the aqueous sodium chloride stream can be reclaimed in a chlor-alkah plant, ultimately regenerating phosgene. Many variations of this polycarbonate process have been patented, including use of many different types of catalysts, continuous or semicontinuous processes, methods which rely on formation of bischloroformate oligomers followed by polycondensation, etc. 

Steam reacts with salts so that the salts dissociate into the respective hydroxide and acid. For sodium salts, the sodium hydroxide is largely in a Hquid solution and the acid is volatile. Figure 18 shows the concentration of hydrochloric acid [7647-01 -OJ, HCl, in steam owing to hydrolysis of sodium chloride. Although the amount is not large, it can be measured (9). 

Fig. 18. Hydrochloric acid in steam owing to hydrolysis of sodium chloride (10).

Nc>tc 5). The mixture is stirred for 30 minutes to ensure complete hydrolysis. The upper organic layer is separated, and the aqueous layer is extracted with three 25-ml. portions of ethyl acetate. The organic extracts are combined, washed with sodium chloride solution, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and evaporated under reduced pressure. Distillation of the residual liquid under reduced pressure through a 10-cm. Vigreux column affords a... 

Similarly, Pd/tppts was used by Hoechst (Kohlpainter and Beller, 1997) as the catalyst in the synthesis of phenylacetic acid by biphasic carbonylation of benzyl chloride (Fig. 2.29). The new process replaces a classical synthesis by reaction of benzyl chloride with sodium cyanide, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting benzyl cyanide. Although the new process produces one equivalent of sodium chloride, this is substantially less salt production than in the original process. Moreover, sodium cyanide is about seven times as expensive per kg as carbon monoxide. 

Similar are the behaviors of aluminum trichloride, zirconium chloride and many other chlorides. There are, however, chlorides like sodium chloride, which do not undergo hydrolysis readily. Only at 600 to 900 °C does the reaction... 

The hydrolysis of the zinc ion in varying anionic media has been investigated. In the pH range of 2.0 to 6.0 a dependence on the anion present is observed, with either sodium nitrate, sodium perchlorate, or sodium chloride at 0.5 M concentration. Only monomeric species were observed and [Zn(OH)]+(aq) was found in all three solutions while Zn(OH)2(aq) was only found in the perchlorate solution, demonstrating the effect of the anionic medium on the formation and stability of the hydrolytic species.339 ... 

Hydrolysis. The starting material for the hydrolysis reaction is a 2.0 g sample of previously prepared, graft copolymer(41,42). The copolymer is hydrolyzed in a basic, saline, aqueous solution under anaerobic conditions. Sufficient copolymer is dissolved in sufficient sodium chloride brine to form a combined, final reaction mixture of 2 g/dL copolymer in 1.0 M sodium chloride. Sufficient sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water to yield a final concentration in the combined reaction mixture of 0.5 M. The solutions are saturated with nitrogen, warmed to 40°C, combined, and allowed to react with stirring for 10 minutes under a nitrogen blanket. 

The sulfides of the group IIA metals generally have the sodium chloride structure, but those of the group IA metals have the antifluorite structure because the ratio of anions to cations is 2. Solutions of the sulfides are basic as a result of the hydrolysis reaction... 

In the past, dissociation of the nucleoprotein complex has been brought about by salt solutions or by heat denaturation,129 but, more recently, decomposition has been effected by hydrolysis with trypsin,126 or by the use of dodecyl sodium sulfate130 or strontium nitrate.131 Some virus nucleoproteins are decomposed by ethyl alcohol.132 This effect may be similar to that of alcohol on the ribonucleoproteins of mammalian tissues. If minced liver is denatured with alcohol, and the dried tissue powder is extracted with 10% sodium chloride, the ribonucleoproteins are decomposed to give a soluble sodium ribonucleate while the deoxyribonucleoproteins are unaffected.133 On the other hand, extraction with 10 % sodium chloride is not satisfactory unless the proteins have first been denatured with alcohol. Denaturation also serves to inactivate enzymes of the tissues which might otherwise bring about degradation of the nucleic acid during extraction. 

CH2=CH2 + Cl2 + h2o = CH20H-CH2C1 + HC1 Chloroalcohols are important intermediates. Propylene chlorohydrin is made similarly and is used for making propylene oxide by hydrolysis with either calcium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. If calcium hydroxide is used, the byproduct calcium chloride is useless and must be dumped. If sodium hydroxide is used, the byproduct sodium chloride can be recycled to the Castner-Kellner process. 

After being stirred for 2 hours at — 15°C, the reaction was quenched with water (6 mL) and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at this temperature. The solution was warmed to room temperature. Hydrolysis of the tartrate was then effected by adding an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (30 %) saturated with sodium chloride (6 mL) and stirring vigorously for 1 hour. 

Wastewater treatment facilities, industrial hygiene at, 14 213 Wastewater treatment sludge as biomass, 3 684 Waste zero system, 14 110 Water, 26 1-50. See also Dessicants, Drinking water Hydrolysis Liquid water Oxide-water interfaces Seawater Sodium chloride-water system Wastewater Wastewater entries, Ice... 

Lineweaver and Ballou49 have proposed a pectinesterase unit ( PE. u. ) for expressing PM activity. One such unit is equivalent to 1/930 PMU under the same experimental conditions or the quantity of enzyme that, at 30° and optimum pH, will catalyze the hydrolysis of pectin at an initial rate of one milliequivalent ester bonds per minute in a standard substrate (0.5% citrus pectin containing 8-11% methoxyl) and 0.15 M sodium chloride. The use of the latter unit is unfortunate since the values obtained for the activity in ordinary plant materials are obtained in the third decimal place and because the experimental conditions are so... 

Dissolving or swelling of crude Copper Phthalocyanine Blue in sulfuric acid, followed by precipitation in water (hydrolysis) affords the a-modification with a fine particle size. Emulsifiers may be present if desired. Dry milling of the crude (3-crys-tal phase, for instance in the presence of sodium chloride or sodium sulfate, also yields the a-phase. 

Each of the above liquid residues was tritrated against standard sodium hydroxide, using phenolphthalein as indicator. Identical titer values were obtained the same titer value was also given by the original solid residue of unreacted TBTA (0-1). Such an observation of identical titer Values should be expected if the conversion of TBTA, by reaction with sodium chloride, is solj.ly to TBTCl. However, any side reaction leading to TBT hydroxide or TBTO will result in lower titer values since these tin compounds, unlike TBTA or TBTCl cannot be titrated like weak acids. Clearly, the side reactions are not noticeable in these experiments. Hydrolysis is not competitive under the conditions of this study, probably because chloride concentration never drops below 10-1 whereas hydroxide concentration is always below 10 s. (It was noticed that the pH of the aqueous layer in each case had risen from 6.5 to 9.0.)... 

Chemical/Physical. Slowly reacts with moisture at room temperature forming pyruvic acid (Frank and Demint, 1969 Kenaga, 1974), hydrochloric acid, and sodium chloride (Kenaga, 1974 Wolfe et al., 1990). The reported hydrolysis half-life of dalapon sodium salt at low concentrations (<1%) and temperatures less than 25 °C is several months (Kenaga, 1974). 

Aldehydes are obtained in 86% and 75% yields, respectively, from benzoic acid on refluxing for 6 hours and from nicotinic acid on standing at room temperature for 24 hours with bis(N-methylpiperazino)alane in tetrahydro-furan [963]. Reduction of 3-fluorosalicylic acid with 2% sodium amalgam in aqueous solution containing sodium chloride, boric acid and p-toluidine gave, at 13-15°, a Schiff base which on hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid and steam distillation afforded 3-fluorosalicylaldehyde in 57% yield [136. The purpose of p-toluidine is to react with the aldehyde as it is formed and protect it from further reduction. 

Proceeding on the same line, Hagerdal et al. reported that perfluorinated resin supported sulfonic sites (NATION 501) can hydrolyze disaccharides [25]. In particular, these authors studied the effect of the addition of sodium chloride in the hydrolysis of cellobiose, a subunit of cellulose much more resistant to hydrolysis than sucrose. They observed that the presence of sodium chloride in water dramatically increased the conversion of cellobiose. Indeed, in the presence of 10 wt% of sodium chloride, 80% of cellobiose was converted at 95°C after 6 h. For comparison, when 1% of sodium chloride was added, only 50% of cellobiose was hydrolyzed. It should be noted that without addition of sodium chloride only 15% conversion was achieved, thus pushing forward the key role of sodium chloride on the reaction rate. Effect of salt on the reaction rate was attributed to a change of the pH caused by the release of proton in the reaction medium (due to an exchange of the supported proton by sodium). 

On shaking Fuller s earth with neutral sodium chloride solution the solution is found to become distinctly acid to litmus, an indication that the sodium ions in the solution adsorbed by the Fuller s earth have been replaced by hydrogen ions from the earth, according to Michaelis not directly as such but by resulting from the liberation of calcium ions, the calcium chloride formed then undergoing hydrolysis. 

The acidic aqueous layer from the aqueous acetic acid/sodium acetate/pentane hydrolysis of 2-alkylcyclo-hexanonc imines is neutralized with solid potassium hydroxide to pH 14, and then saturated with sodium chloride. This aqueous solution is extracted with four portions of diethyl ether, and the combined ethereal layer is washed with brine. Drying over potassium carbonate and concentration gives an oil which is distilled 85% recovery bp 57-59 °C/0.02 Torr [x]D — 13.75 (c = 5.8, benzene). If the rotation of the distilled amine is lower than 13.40, it is purified via its hydrochloride. Thus, a solution of the amine in ice-cold diethyl ether is treated with dry hydrogen chloride by bubbling through a fritted disk. The amine hydrochloride is collected by filtration and recrystallized from ethanol mp 151-152°C. 

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