Sodium chloride aerosols

Mathai CV (1990) Visibility and fine particles. 4. A summary of the A WMA EPA International Specialty Conference. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 40 1486-1494 Matteson MJ, Preiming O, Fox JF (1972) Density distribution of sodium-chloride aerosols formed by condensation. Nature-Phys Sci 238 61... 

Weis DD, Ewing GE (1999) Water content and morphology of sodium chloride aerosol particles. J Geophys Res 104 21275-21285... 

Amdur MO. 1960. The response of guinea pigs to inhalation of formaldehyde and formic acid alone and with a sodium chloride aerosol. Int J Air Pollut 3 201-220. 

Cle, S. L. Interactive comment on Calibration and measurement uncertainties of a continuous-flow cloud condensation nuclei counter (DMT-CCNC) CCN activation of ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride aerosol particles in theory and experiments by D. Rose et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, S4180-S4183, 2007. 

When sodium chloride aerosol is used, the relative humidity inside the test chamber shall not exceed 50 percent. 

Type 5 CPC is meant for protection from air-borne solid particles such as asbestos, lead dust, and other hazardous dusts. For the leak tightness of the suit there are two criteria. The second is total inward leakage (TIL), that is, the overall mean penetration through the suit while worn by test persons in a sodium chloride aerosol atmosphere. The TIL can be used as a laboratory-based efficacy measure for the CPC. It is required from the type 5 CPC that the TIL has to be less than 15v% for 8 test persons out of 10 [EN ISO 13982-1]. That should be severely considered while selecting the type 5 against hazardous chemicals. 

Saul, T.D., Tolocka, M.P., Johnston, M.V. Reactive uptake of nitric acid onto sodium chloride aerosols across a wide range of relative humidities. J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 7614-7620 (2006) Schiitze, M., Herrmann, H. Determination of phase transfer parameters for the uptake of HNO3, N2O5 and O3 on single aqueous drops. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 4, 60-67 (2002)... 

Some of the reports are as follows. Mizukoshi et al. [31] reported ultrasound assisted reduction processes of Pt(IV) ions in the presence of anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactant. They found that radicals formed from the reaction of the surfactants with primary radicals sonolysis of water and direct thermal decomposition of surfactants during collapsing of cavities contribute to reduction of metal ions. Fujimoto et al. [32] reported metal and alloy nanoparticles of Au, Pd and ft, and Mn02 prepared by reduction method in presence of surfactant and sonication environment. They found that surfactant shows stabilization of metal particles and has impact on narrow particle size distribution during sonication process. Abbas et al. [33] carried out the effects of different operational parameters in sodium chloride sonocrystallisation, namely temperature, ultrasonic power and concentration sodium. They found that the sonocrystallization is effective method for preparation of small NaCl crystals for pharmaceutical aerosol preparation. The crystal growth then occurs in supersaturated solution. Mersmann et al. (2001) [21] and Guo et al. [34] reported that the relative supersaturation in reactive crystallization is decisive for the crystal size and depends on the following factors. 

R. Aveyard, B.P. Binks, S. Clark, and J. Mead Interfacial Tension Minima in Oil-Water-Surfactant Systems. Behavior of Alkane-Aqueous Sodium Chloride Systems Containing Aerosol OT. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I 82, 125 (1986). 

Small amounts of surfactants may be used to prevent aggregation of proteins and may enhance the refolding process when the dried protein dissolves. Buffers may also help to prevent aggregation of the dissolved drug. Similarly, polymers may be used as aggregation inhibitors or to form matrices. Chan et al. [86] prepared crystalline powders of recombinant human deoxyribonuclease with high fractions of sodium chloride. These powders were formulated as adhesive mixtures on lactose and mannitol and showed improved aerosolization behaviour compared to the pure protein. 

Last, J. A., and D. L. Warren, Synergistic Interaction between Nitrogen Dioxide and Respirable Aerosols of Sulfuric Acid or Sodium Chloride on Rat Lungs, Toxicol. Appt. Pharmacol., 90, 34-42 (1987). 

Atmospheric aerosols are hygroscopic, taking up and releasing water as the RH changes (see also Section C.l) because some of the chemical components are themselves deliquescent in pure form. For example, sodium chloride, the major component of sea salt, deliquesces at 298 K at an RH of 75%, whereas ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2S04, and ammonium nitrate, NH4N03, deliquesce at 80 and 62% RH, respectively. (See Table 9.16 for the deliquescence points of some common constituents of atmospheric particles.) De-... 

The conditions under which HC1 formed in acidified sodium chloride droplets would be expected to enter the gas phase have been treated by Clegg and Brimble-combe (1990). Cadle and co-workers (Robbins et al., 1959 Cadle and Robbins, 1960) observed that NaCl aerosols in the presence of 0.1-100 ppm NOz at relative humidities of 50-100% lost chloride ion from the particles. They ascribed this to the formation of nitric acid from NOz, followed by reaction (1). Schroeder and Urone (1974) subsequently suggested that NOz could react directly with NaCl to produce gaseous nitrosyl chloride, C1NO, which they observed using infrared spectroscopy stoichiometrically, this is represented as... 

Sinha, M. P and S. K. Friedlander, Real-Time Measurement of Sodium Chloride in Individual Aerosol Particles by Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 57, 1880-1883 (1985). 

Toon, O. B., J. B. Pollack, and B. N. Khare, 1976. The optical constants of several atmospheric aerosol species ammonium sulfate, aluminum oxide and sodium chloride, J. Geophys. Res.. 81, 5733-5748. 

The emission of sea salt is mainly dependent on wind speed. It is considered the second largest contributor in the global aerosol budget, as a vast area of the earth consists of sea. The aerosols consist mainly of sodium chloride. Other constituents of atmospheric sea salt reflect the composition of sea water (magnesium, sulphate, calcium and potassium). Sea salt is the only pure natural aerosol component. 

Pot inhalation treatment of respiratory diseases a pharmaceutical DNase I aerosol Is on the market Pulmozyme is a sterile solution for respiratory use at a concentration of 1000 Genentech UnitafaiL [22]. It contains 1 mg/mL rhDNasc, sodium chloride as a tonicity modifier, calcium chloride as a stabilizer, and water for injection. Since deamidation is mnid at hirit nH and anaenation ncoin at low... 

Before assessing how a chemical moves in the environment, the relevant media, or compartments, must be defined. The environment can be considered to be composed of four broad compartments—air, water, soil, and biota (including plants and animals)—as shown in Fig. 6.6. Various approaches to modeling the environment have been described.14-16 The primary difference in these approaches is the level of spatial and component detail included in each of the compartments. For example, the most simplistic model considers air as a lumped compartment. A more advanced model considers air as composed of air and aerosols, composed of species such as sodium chloride, nitric and sulfuric acids, soil, and particles released anthropogenically.17 A yet more complex model considers air as composed of air in stratified layers, with different temperatures and accessibility to the earth s surface, and aerosols segmented into different size classes.16 As the model complexity increases, its resolution and the data demands also increase. Andren et al.16 report that the simplest of models with lumped air, water, and soil compartments is suitable for... 

Fig. 2. Surface heterogeneity of a powder sample of sodium chloride computed from the adsorption of argon at 76.1 K using a two-dimensional gas model of adsorption, x, Sample prepared by electrostatic precipitation of a NaCl aerosol O, same sample but after annealing at 31(1 315°C in a dry nitrogen atmosphere at 600mmHg. (Reproduced from ref. 4 by courtesty of Academic Press, Inc.)...

Koenig, J.Q., W.E.Pierson, and R.Frank 1980. Acute effects of inhaled sulfur dioxide plus sodium chloride droplet aerosol on pulmonary function in asthmatic adolescents. Environ. Res. 22 (1) 145-153. 

Koenig, J.Q., W.E. Pierson, M. Horike, and R. Frank. 1982. Effects of inhaled sulfur dioxide (SO2) on pulmonary function in healthy adolescents Exposure to SO2 -t sodium chloride droplet aerosol during rest and exercise. Arch. Environ. Health. 37(l) 5-9. 

SAFETY PROFILE A highly corrosive irritant to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Mildly toxic by inhalation, Explosive reaction with alcohols + hydrogen cyanide, potassium permanganate, sodium (with aqueous HCl), tetraselenium tetranitride. Ignition on contact with aluminum-titanium alloys (with HCl vapor), fluorine, hexa-lithium disilicide, metal acetylides or carbides (e.g., cesium acetylide, rubidium ace-tylide). Violent reaction with 1,1-difluoro-ethylene. Vigorous reaction with aluminum, chlorine + dinitroanilines (evolves gas). Potentially dangerous reaction with sulfuric acid releases HCl gas. Adsorption of the acid onto silicon dioxide is exothermic. See also HYDROGEN CHLORIDE (AEROSOL) and HYDROCHLORIC ACID. 

The inverse relationship between ionic concentration and resultant charges on atomized droplets was exploited to suppress the charging of inhalation aerosols produced from a novel atomizer, AERx . The rationale for reducing aerosol charging is to avoid premature droplet deposition in the oropharynx during inhalation. Ionic salts such as sodium chloride or... 

---