Societal considerations, materials

Humanity is, by nature, emotional, and emotions on both sides of this issue make progress difficult for new fire safe materials, whether in response to new fire risk scenarios or in response to non-fire-related issues. This last point should make it clear that flame retardancy of plastics is not a simple scientific issue, but one that must take into consideration societal, emotional, and non-fire-related issues to make an acceptable new flame-retardant material in the twenty-first century. 

ALARA is an acronym that stands for as low as reasonably achievable. It is a policy that means making every reasonable effort to maintaining exposures to radiation as far below the dose limits as is practical consistent with the purpose for which the licensed activity is undertaken, taking into account the state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to benefits to the public health and safety, and other societal and socioeconomic considerations, and in relation to utilization of nuclear energy and licensed materials in the public interest. 

After careful consideration of these technical, regulatory, and societal changes, the committee chose to rewrite, rather than simply revise, much of the material in the previous two volumes and to condense them into a single one. In this 1995 revision, the committee has sought primarily to describe this new laboratory culture, identify its key elements, and provide certain information and procedures that have been developed within that culture. To ensure prudent handling in a coordinated manner from "cradle to grave," this new volume incorporates much material from the Prudent Practices 1981 and Prudent Practices 1983 volumes. 

This partially bio-based polymer is mainly used in different fibre applications such as floor coverings and sportswear. The PDO success story is considered as an important milestone from both industrial and societal points of view because it led to the investigation of other possibilities for the coupling of bio-based and traditional monomers (see below for PBS) with further consideration of the importance of the bio-based content in polymeric materials (controlled by the ASTM D 6866 norm, for example), and to the ultimate acquisition of Danisco with its Genencor subsidiary by DuPont in 2011. ... 

Fourteen SMEs in China were contacted. The research involved the collection of primary data and required a considerable effort from the case companies, whilst companies were often very sensitive to data confidentiality and had limited human resources and relevant technologies to support data collection. Consequently, the choice was limited. However, two agreed to give their full support to the data collection. These companies are reasonably representative because their SCs include multiple functions and parties (e.g., many suppliers, manufacturing, private warehouse, transport companies, and many customers) in different markets. More importantly, the SC structure in the two case companies is similar in terms of information and material flows and their associated characteristics, for example, multiple uncertainties, although the scale of some uncertainties may be different. Additionally, these two manufacturers are located in the north and south of China, respectively, which represent alternative local economic and societal influences. The two companies are in different industries, and therefore, the investigation of their differences and similarities can contribute to the process of model generalisation. 

Sustainable processes enhance resource availability on which a company depends for its long-term viability. The resources can be of different types financial, material, societal, and human. Sustainability is the aligning of these processes, so that goals for different resource types are not in conflict. Clearly, there is a need to control resource availability so as to satisfy the needs of the future. In addition, companies must protect their brand name so as to stay viable in the market place, and ensure sustainability. As Carter and Rogers (2008) point out, the pattern of resource use (PRU) can have a significant effect oti sustainability. In turn, PRU is influenced by corporate social responsibility (CSR), actions of firm and its suppliers, and disruptions in business. Economics, of course, is a major consideration in determining how the three pillars of sustainability are put together. 

Not only is there a direct and indirect financial burden, but corrosion also has a considerable societal impact. Crucial industries such as energy, aerospace, transportation, food, agriculture, electronics, marine, and petrochemical rely on the safety and availability of their infrastructures. In many instances, these requirements have been compromised by corrosion events that have led to loss of life, enviroiunental pollution, and loss of jxrwer to industry. However, between 25 and 50% of the economic impact (depending on the specific industry) could have been prevented by the use of well-accepted materials selection and corrosion prevention measures. 

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