Small medium reactors

In fact none of these models of the mass-transfer coefficient are of much use for the calculation of Kia values in small scale reactor conditions and we have to obtain them by experiments. However, these models can be used as a guide to estimate the influence of the physical properties of the medium. They also make it possible to consider relative values of Ka for compounds for which in experiments the value of Ka is not measurable as easily as for gases such as oxygen. 

Figure 19.1 Arrangements of crystal sensors in the reactor, numbers on the crystal sensors represent positions 15 sensors (Position No.l to No. 15) were used for large reactor, 13 sensors (Position No.2 to No.14) for medium reactor, 11 sensors (Position No.3 to No.13) for small reactor, 3 sensors (Position No.3, 8, and 13) for XPS analysis.

Figure 19.3 Deposition rate profiles of perfluoropropene plasma polymer at 40 W input power, (a) SOmtorr (b) SOmtorr (c) 75mtorr (square large reactor, circle medium reactor, triangle small reactor).

Is the process scalable so that it can address small, medium, and large munition finds The process appears to be scalable. Conventional liquid phase reactors are used, and these can be purchased in a wide range of sizes. The process is scalable and can be used for essentially any size find. For very small finds, other technologies may be more appropriate. Alternatively, it can be combined with neutralization, or incineration can be used only to destroy neutralents (e.g., hydrolysates) or neutralents and energetics. RRS and SCANS are intended for use on small quantities of CAIS. Neutralization and hydrolysis can be used for small or large finds. Neutralization and hydrolysis systems can be built at any desired capacity. 

IAEA, Design and Development Status of Small and Medium Reactor Systems 1995, IAEA-TECDOC-881, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1996). 

Fig, 3-1 Small and medium reactor development lines in the world, from [18]... 

This meeting was organized as a forum for experts of Member States to advise the IAEA on the different types of water and liquid metal cooled ship propulsion reactors, barge mounted power reactors and innovative reactor concepts which do not require on-site refuelling, and other similar reactor types presently in existence or under consideration in their countries. The purpose of the meeting was also to obtain advice from Member States on their needs and interests in the context of the IAEA s small and medium reactor programme. 

Short version of User Requirements on Small and Medium Reactors for Indonesia was presented in the IAEA conference in Dubrovnik, June this year It includes also requirements for small and very small size reactors, for production of electricity and possible use of process heat, sited land based or floating, for deployment in remote areas. It covers technical, safety, economic and financial requirements and general consideration typically applied for Indonesia, a developing country. Below are some points, which are related to the topics of this AGM. 

ARBIE, B. et al - User Requirement Document for Small and Medium Reactors in Indonesia , 2" International Seminar on Nuclear Options in Countries with Small and medium Electricity Grids, Dubrovnik, June 15-18, 1998. 

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY. Introduction of Small and Medium Reactors in Developing Countries - Proceedings of lAEA-AGM, Rabat, Morocco, 23-27 October 1995 and Tunis, Tunisia, 3-6 September 1996. IAEA-TECDOC-999. 

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM REACTORS 1995... 

Small and medium size reactor development has many incentives some are economic others are safety related. The motivation for these developments has included the need to enhance public acceptance of nuclear power. The simplification of designs should improve the transparency of their reactor safety. Another incentive to SMR development has been its suitability for the implementation of new design approaches. Innovative and evolutionary designs with novel feamres have been implemented in the SMR range. A passive safety approach has so far been the technology of small and medium reactors. SMRs have particular characteristics which can enable them to be economically viable in spite of losing the advantage of the economics of scale. 

Small and medium reactor systems provide an attractive option for a wide range of applications worldwide. The design approach and design characteristics of the SMRs with regard to size, economics and safety appear to provide favourable conditions. Specific requirements on these topics will provide a common ground for the suppliers and interested users to further the discussion on specific design requirements such as performance, operability, maintainability, reliability. For successful deployment, overall cost must be competitive with other alternatives, taken into consideration the main objectives. 

International Atomic Energy Agency, Case Study on the Flexibility of Small and Medium Reactor Power Plants in Egypt, lAEA-TECDOC-739 (1994)... 

Since the last IAEA Status Report on Small and Medium Power Reactors was issued nearly eight years ago, many designs have been introduced and several designs have matured. The main incentives for these designs have been improvements in safety, reliability and economics. In response to important commercial developments, the energy range of small and medium reactors (SMRs) is now taken as being up to around 700 MW. 

With such a range of possible applications in many different parts of the world, a large number of different R D and design projects have been set up. Fig 2.1 lists most of these projects, many of which there are design descriptions in chapter 5, 6 and 7 of this report. Fig 2.2 lists those for which descriptions have been submitted by the design teams to this report and indicates the status of their development. LWRs, HWRs, OCRs and sodium cooled reactors all have active development work in various Member States. Information on other designs can be found in the OECD report on small and medium reactors [3]. 

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Small and Medium Reactors 2 volumes, OECD (1991). 

In 1985, the IAEA initiated a study of Small and Medium Power Reactors [3], which was continued over a number of years on the basis of a series of technical meetings, first on SMRs, then on Advanced Water Reactors. These studies provided a comprehensive analysis of the benefits and options for small power reactors, but also identified many of the obstacles to their use, including the relative economics of larger reactors and fossil stations, the problems of finance in developing countries, and public acceptability. Recent studies have concentrated on the potential applications of SMRs in desalination and the technical review of SMRs of which this report is part. 

International Atomic Energy Agency, Report of an Advisory Group Meeting (AGM) on Review of the Report on Small and Medium Reactors, Vienna, (June 1994). 

These three main lines, as defined by their primary coolant are water cooled, gas cooled, and liquid metal cooled. Water cooled reactors can be fiirther categorized as heavy water or light water moderated reactors. The design approach for a given system can be substantially different from another system within the same technology line. The small and medium reactor area has to deal with all technological lines and all varying approaches. The relevant reactor information for the purpose of this TECDOC has been divided into six parts ... 

In order to present a balanced overview of what is actually happening in the area of small and medium reactors, and to provide the information in an objective manner to the interested technical community as well as decision makers, it is necessaiy to make a realistic presentation on the status of development of the different reactor designs. 

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