Small- and medium-scale industry

There is a lack of information and awareness, especially among small and medium scale industries. 

There are clear indications of a growing demand for environment information especially in the small- and medium-scale industry (SMI) sector in developing countries but there is a data gap — between data producers (mostly in developed countries) and data users in developing countries — as well as an information technology and services gap which seriously affects the industrial process in less technologically advanced countries. 

INTIB commissioned a study of the energy and environment information situation in relation to small- and medium-scale industries (SMIs) in developing countries in 1991. The Terms of Reference for this study required inter alia an analysis of ... 

The PCP will be the most important node in each country for the process of disseminating energy and environment information to small- and medium-scale industries and to other end users to whom this information is of interest. 

Early CA fermentations were carried out in surface cultures. Now, this method is stdl used in many small- and medium-scale industries, as it requires less effort, simple equipment, and lower energy cost. In the surface fermentation process, A. niger grows as a thick, floating mycelial layer over the surface of the medium. Surface fermentations are used to find potential uses for raw and cheap materials such as piunpkin and cane molas-and orange and pineapple wastes. 

This chapter considers large-scale industrial tree plantations, as well as small- and medium-scale plantations for timber and land rehabilitation. Aspects that influence plantation sustainability are emphasized, and suggestions are given regarding plantation design and management. 

An air fired, atmospheric pressure system suitable for small and medium scale energy producers such as industrial steam plants or hot gas generators,... 

It is useful to consider two major forms of biomass fuel mechanically processed and chemically processed. For mechanically processed biofuel in which the material is used essentially in its natural form (as harvested) direct combustion usually supplies heat for cooking, space heating or electricity production, although there are also small- and large-scale industrial applications for steam raising and other processes requiring low-to-medium temperature process heat. 

From noted points above, the examination of how efiftciency can be realized by collecting small and medium scale intermediate treatment facilities is focused and set to the purpose of this smdy. In Chiba prefecture, many of the small and medium intermediate treatment facilities can be found and the intermediate treatment is carried out after collecting industrial wastes from each local manufacturing industry or storage site of industrial waste. However, most of the intermediate facilities have a daily capacity of less than 10 tons. Consequently, the flow line of reverse logistics is longer than necessary when treated parts are redistributed for remanufacturing or disposal. 

Therefore, in industrial installations, the reduction rate and quality of catalysts is ensured by the strict controlling of the concentration of water vapor. Generally, the vapor concentrations are limited in < (0.7 — 1.0) g/m for small and medium-scale ammonia plants, and <3.0g/m for large-scale ammonia plants. 

I.2.I.I. Crystallization Crystallization is a physical separation method widely used for the resolution of enantiomer pairs not only in the lab-scales, but also it probably is the most predominant separation technique to resolve a race-mate into its individual enantiomers from small- and medium-scale separations to large industrial scale.The reasons for this are as follows ... 

In this chapter we illustrate development of acoustic chemometrics for process monitoring in the chemical engineering realm with a feasibility survey of the application potential for industrial applications. Earlier studies [3-7] describe the initial small- to medium-scale pilot experiments behind this approach, collectively giving a broad introduction to the application of acoustic chemometric for liquid flow in pipelines [3,7], industrial granulation processes [7-9,11] and similar process technological regimens. Since a full introduction to acoustic chemometrics has been published elsewhere [3-7], only an operational summary is provided in this chapter. 

Pseudoliquid-phase catalysis (bulk type I catalysis) was reported in 1979, and bulk type II behavior in 1983. In the 1980s, several new large-scale industrial processes started in Japan based on applications of heteropoly catalysts that had been described before (5, 6, 72) namely, oxidation of methacro-lein (1982), hydration of isobutylene (1984), hydration of n-butene (1985), and polymerization of tetrahydrofuran (1987). In addition, there are a few small- to medium-scale processes (9, 10). Thus the level of research activity in heteropoly catalysis is very high and growing rapidly. 

The use of silicon-based antifoams is common in industry (van Bonarius et al., 1993). Flowever, they should be used with care, since these substances can be toxic to the cell above certain concentrations. Furthermore, chemical antifoams can pose problems for the chromatographic purification of the product. Foam traps, which are devices mounted in the upper part of bioreactors to break the foam, have been used successfully at small and intermediate scales, but are not widely used on a large scale. On the other hand, low aeration rates using pure oxygen effectively lead to a significant decrease or even complete elimination of foam, but may result in CO2 accumulation in the medium, which is harmful to the cells (Gray et al., 1996). 

Alliances are needed between research and development organisations and the small-medium-scale industries that have the best track record for sustaining RPU technologies. 

In fact, it has been shown many times that the level of efficiency is reached very soon up the scale, and that small- and medium-sized diverse farms are more efficient than factory farms, especially when considering the industrial model s reliance upon fossil fuel for energy, transport, and chemical fertiliser. 

This study comprises an exercise in how HSEQ AP brings good properly scaled practices of economic, social and environmental sustainability to small and medium-sized companies of the seaport industry (cf, Zink and Fischer 2013 Vayrynen et al. 2014 Worldsteel 2013). 

On the basis of these new concepts, results may enable reinterpretation of already existing data. We shall have to evaluate these company histories from an independent point of view, not simply based on commemorative writings, and to define a general approach based on socioeconomic aspects, including the history of labour and political movements. There is a need to compare the industry to other industries, on an international scale, and reconstruct the events of a supranational market. We shall have to use and evaluate existing concepts such as professionalization,the life cycles of products, etc., in-depth and critically. And, last but not least, we should not forget the losers of the history of chemical technology, the companies that failed, the people who used to work for these chemical plants, and the small and medium-sized enterprises. 

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