Sister-chromatid exchange frequencies

Human cells exposed to various nickel compounds have an increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations, although sister chromatid exchange frequency is unaffected. Cells from nickel refinery workers exposed to nickel monosulfide (0.2 mg Ni/m3) or nickel subsulfide (0.5 mg Ni/m3) showed a significant increase in the incidence of chromosomal aberrations (Boysen et al. 1980 WHO 1991 USPHS 1993). No correlation was evident between nickel exposure level and the frequency of aberrations (USPHS 1993). 

Edwards, A.J., Moon, E.Y., Anderson, D. and McGregor, D.B. (1993). The effect of simultaneous exposure to bromodeoxyuridine and methyl methansulphonate on sister chromatid exchange frequency in culture human lymphocytes and its mutation research. Mutation Res. 247 117-125. 

Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in hepatocytes was not increased in rats exposed to chloroform at gavage doses 400 mg/kg in oil (Mirsalis et al. 1982). Exposure to 200 mg/kg/day chloroform in oil by gavage for 4 days increased sister chromatid exchange frequency in bone marrow cells of mice (Morimoto and Koizumi 1983). Other genotoxicity studies are discussed in Section 2.5. 

Metabolism and genetic toxicity have been reported to differ with the isomer of nitro-toluene. p-Nitrotoluene was not mutagenic in bacterial assays, but it did increase sister chromatid exchange frequencies and chromosomal aberrations in vitro-, in vivo it did not increase the frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow of treated rodents. Similar findings were reported for the ortho isomer, except that it did not induce chromosomal aberrations in vitro. Only the ortho isomer induces DNA excision repair in the in vivo-in vitro hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis assay. Furthermore, ort/jo-nitrotoluene binds to hepatic DNA to a much greater extent than meta- or para-nitrotoluene, and investigators suggest that it may act similarly to the rodent hepatocarcino-gen 2,6-dinitrotoluene. ... 

In one of two studies, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induced a small increase in sister chromatid exchange frequencies in Chinese hamster ovary cells cultured without but not with exogenous metabolic activation. In other studies conducted only without metabolic activation, it caused no increase in sister chromatid exchanges in either Chinese hamster Don cells or rat liver RL4 cells. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate did not induce micronuclei in Chinese hamster ovary cells or in cultured rat hepatocytes, whereas the induction of micronuclei by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in Syrian hamster embryo cells has been reported. 

Wiencke, J.K. Kelsey, K.T. (1993) Susceptibility to induction of chromosomal damage by metabolites of 1,3-butadiene and its relationship to spontaneous sister chromatid exchange frequencies inhuman lymphocytes. In Sorsa, M., Peltonen, K., Vainio, H. Hemminki, K., eds, Butadiene and Styrene Assessment of Health Hazards (lARC Scientific Publication No. 127), Lyon, lARC, pp. 265-273... 

Evans, E.L. Mitchell, A.D. (1981) Effects of 20 coded chemicals on sister chromatid exchange frequencies in cultured Chinese hamster cells. In de Serres, F.J. Ashby, J., eds. Evaluation of Short-Term Tests for Carcinogens. Report of the International Collaborative Program (Progress in Mutation Research. Vol. 1), Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp. 538-550... 

In a single study, epichlorohydrin bound to DNA of mice and rats treated in vivo. One study reported that sister chromatid exchanges were induced in the bone marrow of partially hepatectomized CBA/J mice treated with epichlorohydrin by a single intraperitoneal injection. Sister chromatid exchange frequencies in mice that did not receive partial hepatectomy before treatment with epichlorohydrin were comparable to the control frequencies. One of two studies reported that epichlorohydrin induced chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow. Positive results were also reported for epichlorohydrin in the mouse host-mediated assay in one of three studies. In single studies, epichlorohydrin caused sperm head abnormalities in rats but not mice. It did not induce micronuclei or dominant lethal mutations in mice in vivo. 

Richer et al. (1993) exposed five male volunteers to 50 ppm [188.5 mg/m ] toluene in a controlled exposure chamber for 7 h per day for three days on three occasions at two-week intervals. Blood samples were taken before and after each three-day exposure. No effects upon sister chromatid exchange frequencies were observed. 

Popp, W., Vahrenholz, C., Yaman, S.. Muller, C., Muller, G, Schmieding, W.. Norpoth, K. Fahnert, R. (1992) Investigations of the frequency of DNA strand breakage and cross-linking and of sister chromatid exchange frequency in the lymphocytes of female workers exposed to benzene and toluene. Carcinogenesis, 13, 57-61... 

Nagaya T. 1986. No increase in sister-chromatid exchange frequency in lymphocytes of chromium platers. Mutat Res 170 129-132. 

Donmez H, Ozkul Y, Ucak R. 1996. Sister chromatid exchange frequency in inhabitants exposed to asbestos in Turkey. Mutat Res 361 129-132. 

Rom WN, Livingston GK, Casey KR, et al. 1983. Sister chromatid exchange frequency in asbestos workers. J Natl Cancer Inst 70 45-48. 

In the in vitro test with FAF-cells of Chinese hamsters only bromochloromethane produced an increase of the sister chromatid exchange frequency. 

Thomson EJ, Shackleton S. Harrington JM. 1984. Chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchange frequencies in pathology staff occupationally exposed to formaldehyde. Mutat Res 141 89-93. 

Orally administered fluoranthene (400 and 750 mg/kg) did not increase the sister chromatid exchange frequency in mice (Palitti et al. 1986). Gene mutations were not produced in bacteria or yeast in a host-mediated assay in which anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, or fluoranthene were administered to mice by gavage positive results were produced in bacteria in the same test system in which mice were exposed to benz[a]anthracene and injected intraperitoneally with the bacteria (Simmon et al. 1979). Other genotoxicity studies are discussed in Section 2.4. 

In mice intraperitoneally administered 7,14, 28, or 56 mg/ kg of an alcohol extract of pepper, an increase in sister-chromatid exchange frequency was observed in bone marrow... 

DuFrain RJ, and Garrand TJ (1981) The influence of incorporated halogenated analogues of thymidine on the sister-chromatid exchange frequency in human lymphocytes. Mutat Res 91 233-238... 

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