Sinuses function

The Fourier transform, in essence, decomposes a function into sinus functions of different frequency that sum to the original function. It is often useful to think of functions and their transforms as occupying two domains. These domains are often referred to as real and Fourier space, which are in most physics applications time and frequency. Operations performed in one domain have corresponding operations in the other. Moving between domains allows for operations to be performed where they are easiest or most advantageous [127]. 

Goldberg D, Reiffel JA, Davis JC, Gang E, Livelh F, Bigger JT Jr. Electrophysiologic effects of procainamide on sinus function in patients with and without sinus node disease. Am Heart J 1982 103(l) 75-9. 

To solve the PB equation, we consider two zones in the microtube. Thus the hyperbolic sinus function is dissociated into two functions ... 

Usually, the tracer is injected in the form of a well-defined function as a step or impulse function, and sometimes in the form of a sinus function. The first two functions are used mostly and are discussed in detail. 

The first of these equations defines the spherical Bessel functions of radial coordinate r, the second leads to the Legendre polynomials for scattering angle Q, while the last defines sinus functions of the azimuthal angle Note that for rotational symmetry = 1) the constant m vanishes (m = 0). 

Indeca.inide. Indecainide hydrochloride is a po active antiarrhythmic agent that received PDA approval in 1989, but it has not been marketed as of this writing. Chemically, it is 9-[3-(isopropylamino)propyl]fiuorine-9-carboxamide [74517-78-5]. The dmg has potent activity against premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) and ventricular tachycardias. Indecainide has no effect on sinus node function, atrial or ventricular effective refractory periods (32,33). 

Reimer, A., von Mecklenberg, C., and Toremalm, N. G. (1978). The mucociliary activity of the upper respiratory tract. III. A functional and morphological study on human and animal mare-tial with special reference to maxillary sinus diseases. Acta Otolaryngol., 1-20. 

The liver is a large and distensible organ. As such, large quantities of blood may be stored in its blood vessels providing a blood reservoir function. Under normal physiological conditions, the hepatic veins and hepatic sinuses contain approximately 450 ml of blood, or almost 10% of blood volume. When needed, this blood may be mobilized to increase venous return and cardiac output. 

Blood flowing from the intestines to the liver through the hepatic portal vein often contains bacteria. Filtration of this blood is a protective function provided by the liver. Large phagocytic macrophages, referred to as Kupffer cells, line the hepatic venous sinuses. As the blood flows through these sinuses, bacteria are rapidly taken up and digested by the Kupffer cells. This system is very efficient and removes more than 99% of the bacteria from the hepatic portal blood. 

If persistent, these molecules (coding for inflammation, oxidative stress, remodeling, and thrombosis) can cause endothelial dysfunction and acceleration of arthrosclero-sis progression [117]. SWNTs were shown also to alter the cardiac activity by affecting the arterial baroreflex function (BRF) of sinus mode in rats exposed by intratracheal instillation [118]. 

Nasal decongestant sprays such as phenylephrine and oxymetazoline that reduce inflammation by vasoconstriction are often used in sinusitis. Use should be limited to the recommended duration of the product to prevent rebound congestion. Oral decongestants may also aid in nasal or sinus patency. To reduce mucociliary function, irrigation of the nasal cavity with saline and steam inhalation may be used to increase mucosal moisture, and mucolytics (e.g., guaifenesin) maybe used to decrease the viscosity of nasal secretions. Antihistamines should not be used for acute bacterial sinusitis in view of their anticholinergic effects that can dry mucosa and disturb clearance of mucosal secretions. 

None of the exposures produced changes in clinical chemistry values (blood count, blood nitrate, blood urea nitrogen, serum enzymes, and serum electrolytes or urinalysis and nitrate and nitrite urinary excretion), spontaneous electrical activity of the cortex of the brain (detected by EEG), pulse rate and sinus rhythm, or pulmonary function. Visual and auditory acuity, exercise EKG, and time estimation tests did not differ from control values for any of the exposures. Only one of several cognitive tests was affected by exposure and the change occurred only in the four subjects exposed at 1.5 ppm. The test was taken during the time the subjects were experiencing severe headaches. 

Daily maintenance doses for each age group are given in the table below and should provide therapeutic effects with minimum risk of toxicity in most patients with heart failure and normal sinus rhythm. These recommendations assume the presence of normal renal function ... 

Parenteral Marked sinus bradycardia second- and third-degree AV block unless a functioning pacemaker is available cardiogenic shock. 

Sick sinus syndrome except in the presence of a functioning ventricular pacemaker. 

SSRI selective sCTotonin reuptake inhibitor (class of drugs used to treat d ression, e.g., sCTtraline) SSS sick sinus s5mdrome stat immediately (Latin statim ) supl supplement or supplied supp suppository Susp suspension SVT supraventricular tachycardia Sx s5mptom S5md syndrome Sz seizure tab/tabs tablet/tablets tach tachycardia TB tubCTCulosis TBI traumatic brain injury TCA tricyclic antidqjressant (class of drugs commonly used to treat d ression, e.g., amitriptyline) TCP transcutaneous pacing TD transdermal TFT thyroid function test TEA transient ischemic attack tid three times a day (Latin ter in die ) tine tincture TMP trimethoprim (type of antibiotic)... 

Isosorbide Dinitrate Hydralazine (BiDil) [Antianginal, Antihypertensive/Vasodilator, Nitrate] Uses HF in African Amer-icans improve survival functional status, prolong time between hospitalizations Action Relaxes vascular smooth muscle peripheral vasodilator Dose Initially 1 tab tid PO (if not tol ated reduce to 1/2 tab tid), titrate >3-5 d as tolerated Max 2 tabs tid Caution [C, /-] recent MI, syncope, hypovolemia, hypotension, hep impair Contra For children, concomitant use w/ PDE5 inhibitors (sildenafil) Disp Tabs SE HA, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, sinusitis, GI distress, tach, paresthesia, amblyopia Interactions t Risk of severe hypotension W/ antihypertensives, ASA, CCBs, MAOIs, phenothiazides, sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, EtOH X pressor response Wf i -1- effects W7 NSAIDs EMS Use ASA, antihypertensives and CCBs w/ caution, may t hypotension concurrent Viagra-type drug use can lead to profound hypotension concurrent EtOH use can t effects OD May cause N/V, profound hypotension, skin flushing, HA from ICP, bradycardia, confusion, and circulatory collapse activated charcoal may be effective, epi use is contraindicated... 

Ideally, if symptomatic sinus node dysfunction occurs in the presence of drugs known to impair sinus node function, the first treatment is to discontinue the offending drug [29]. However, this is typically not feasible in patients with heart failure who are dependent on several medications to improve long-term outcomes, or may need antiarrhythmic drug therapy for symptomatic arrhythmias. Accordingly, the treatment usually becomes a question of whether to apply pacing to increase heart rate. This is further complicated by the appropriate pacemaker prescription once the decision to pace has been made. 

Atrial fibrillation is commonly associated with heart failure, and the prevalence of atrial fibrillation is related to the severity of heart failure, with less than 5% affected with very mild heart failure to nearly 50% affected with advanced heart failure [66]. Heart failure and atrial fibrillation are both common cardiovascular disorders and share the same demographic risk factors, including age, history of hypertension, prior myocardial infarction, and valvular heart disease [67, 68]. Further, the incidence of heart failure increases dramatically after the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation [69]. Progression of LV dysfunction can clearly be associated with rapid ventricular rates [70-76]. Conversely, conversion to normal sinus rhythm or control of ventricular response in atrial fibrillation can improve LV function [71-74, 77]. Accordingly, rate control becomes very important in patients with heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy, and likely even more so when ischemia from rapid rates complicate the patient s course. 

CRT is now recommended for patients with LVEF less than or equal to 35%, sinus rhythm, and NYHA functional class III or ambulatory class IV symptoms despite recommended, optimal medical therapy and who have cardiac dyssynchrony, which is currently defined as a QRS duration greater than 0.12 ms, unless contraindicated. To date, over 4,000 patients have been studied in randomized clinical trials of CRT. A recent evaluation of complications from those studies suggest a risk of implant mortality of 0.4%, failure to implant a functioning LV lead in 10%, lead malfunction or dislodgement in 8.5%, and pacemaker infection in 1.4% [123]. 

Becker AE. Relationship between structure and function of the sinus node general comments. In Bonke FI, ed. The sinus node. The Hague Martinus Nijhoff, 1978 212-22. 

Sanders P, Kistler PM, Morton JB, Spence SJ, Kalman JM. Remodeling of sinus node function in patients with congestive heart failure reduction in sinus node reserve. Circulation 2004 110 897-903. 

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