Medial arterial

Markello TC, Pak LK, St HC et al (2011) Vascular pathology of medial arterial calcifications in NT5E deficiency implications for the role of adenosine in pseudoxanthoma elasti-cum. Mol Genet Metab 103 44-50... 

Morbus Monckeberg (medial arterial calcification) or medial calcinosis is the deposition of hydroxyapatite (Ca5(P04)30H) in the media. Most frequently affected are the small to medium sized arteries of the lower extremities, the pelvic arteries and the abdominal aorta. An occurrence in the coronary arteries is rare. As a rule, Morbus Monckeberg frequently coincides with atherosclerosis. At an advanced stage, the media is almost entirely replaced by a homogeneous calciferous layer, which displays itself in the computer tomogram almost like a second skeleton (Rg. 5.143). In contrast to atherosclerosis, lipids do not contribute to the deposition. [355]... 

Minoxidil (marmoset) Vasodilator/K channel opener Coronary arteries in left and right atrium Adventitial fibroplasia, medial arterial hemorrhage Hanton et al. (2(X)8)... 

The blood supply to the trochlea is via two terminal interosseous branches of the recurrent ulnar artery, the lateral trochlea and medial trochlea arteries. The medial artery maybe damaged in fractures of the medial condyle, leading to avascular necrosis. 

Lehto S, Niskanen L, Suhonen M, Ronnemaa T, Laakso M. Medial artery calcification. A neglected harbinger of cardiovascular complications in non-insulin-dependent diabetes meUitus, ArteriosclerThromb Vase Biol 1996 16 978-983. 

In a study of diabetic Pima Indians, Nelson et al. (7) identified risk factors associated with a high probability for limb amputation among diabetic individuals. These included presence of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, hypertension, absent patellar tendon reflexes, and presence of medial arterial calciflcation. However, no single risk factorwas identified as being relatively more important than another. 

These cells, located in the medial layer of the vessel wall, are normally relatively nonproliferative, but they secrete proteins which make up the extracellular matrix of the vessel wall. However, the narrowing of the arteries, a critical, often fatal, consequence of atherosclerosis is due to proliferation of VSMC and their migration into the intimal layer of the vessel wall. 

A prolonged vector infusion can be performed since blood flows through a central core of the catheter. This system has been successfully used to achieve efficient gene delivery into the endothelium and superficial medial layers of both normal and atherosclerotic rabbit and human arteries (Laitinen et al.,... 

Recently, E2-CDS also was shown to provide encouraging neuroprotective effects. In ovariectomized rats, pretreatment with E2-CDS decreased the mortality caused by middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion from 65-16% [129], Even when administered 40 or 90 min after MCA occlusion, E2-CDS reduced the area of ischemia by 45-90% or 31%, respectively. Another recent study provided evidence that treatment with E2-CDS can protect cholinergic neurons in the medial septum from lesion-induced degeneration [130],... 

Paclitaxel Stabilizes microtubules, inhibiting cell-cycle progression Rat carotid artery Intraperitoneal administration Prevented medial SMC migration and neointimal SMC proliferation (47)... 

In blockade of the anterior spinal artery, ischemia of the medial medulla may occur with contralateral hemiparesis, ipsilateral tongue weakness and contralateral loss of posterior column sensation (Ho and Meyer 1981). 

Some congenital diseases such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers Danlos syndrome (type 4) can cause arteriopathies of cranial cervical vessels. In Ehlers Danlos syndrome, elongations, dissections, dilatation and aneurysms, as well as fistula in large and mid-size arteries, are found. Cystic medial necrosis (Ueda et al. 1999) leads to aortic dissections which can include supraaortic vessels (Fig. 5.27)... 

Recently, using color-coded diffusion tensor imaging five different patterns of corticospinal tract stroke were identified that fall into two clinical subgroups with either little recovery or good recovery. Patients with poor motor recovery had lesions centered in the pyramidal tract (anterior choroidal artery). Patients with good recovery had either very small lesions or lesions located anteriorly or medially (Lie et al. 2004). 

Medullary infarcts can be medial, lateral or combined (Fig. 14.6). The medial territory is supplied by penetrating vessels from the anterior spinal artery and the distal vertebral artery. The lateral territory main arterial supply comes from penetrating arteries from the distal vertebral artery and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. The small posterior territory is supplied by the posterior spinal artery and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Medial... 

The internal carotid artery starts as the carotid sinus at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery at the level of the thyroid cartilage. It runs up the neck, without any branches, to the base of the skull where it passes through the foramen lacerum to enter the carotid canal of the petrous bone. It then runs through the cavernous sinus in an S-shaped curve (the carotid siphon) pierces the dura and exits just medial to the anterior clinoid process. It then bifurcates into the anterior cerebral artery and the larger middle cerebral artery. 

The anterior choroidal artery arises from the last section of the internal carotid artery, just beyond the posterior communicating artery origin, and supplies the optic tract, internal capsule, medial parts of the basal ganglia, the medial part of the temporal lobe, thalamus, lateral geniculate body, proximal optic radiation and midbrain. Occasionally it arises from the proximal middle cerebral artery or posterior communicating artery. Minor twiglets... 

The anterior cerebral artery passes horizontally and medially to enter the interhemi-spheric fissure it then anastomoses with its counterpart of the opposite side via the anterior communicating artery, curves up around the genu of the corpus callosum and supplies the anterior and medial parts of the cerebral hemisphere. Small branches also supply parts of the optic nerve and chiasm, hypothalamus, anterior basal ganglia and internal capsule. 

The middle cerebral artery enters the Sylvian fissure and divides into two to four branches, which supply the lateral parts of the cerebral hemisphere. From its main trunk, a medial and lateral group of tiny lenticulostriate arteries and arterioles pass upwards to penetrate the base of the brain and supply the basal ganglia and internal capsule (Marinkovic et al. 1985). Some of these small penetrating vessels extend up into the white matter of the corona radiata in the centrum semiovale towards the small medullary perforating branches of the cortical arteries coming down from above. 

The posterior cerebral artery encircles the midbrain close to the oculomotor nerve at the level of the tentorium and supplies the inferior part of the temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe (Marinkovic et al. 1987). Many small perforating arteries arise from the proximal portion of the posterior cerebral artery to supply the midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus and geniculate bodies. Sometimes a single perforating artery supplies the medial part of each thalamus, or both sides of the midbrain. In approximately 15% of individuals, the posterior cerebral artery is a direct continuation of the posterior commrmicating artery, its main blood supply then coming from the internal carotid artery rather than the basilar artery. 

Figure 9.3 Inhibition of intimal hyperplasia by resveratrol in rabbits subjected to endothelial injury by denudation. Groups of eight New Zealand white rabbits, weighting 2.2 to 3.6 kg, were assigned randomly to control (untreated) (M), low (2 mg/kg/d) (L), and high dose (4 mg/kg/d) (H) resveratrol treatment, which was administered intragastrically for 5 weeks beginning 1 week before surgery. A 2-cm segment of injured iliac artery was excised, fixed in 4% paraformalin, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at5-mm intervals from the proximal to the distal end. Representative sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin. The external and internal elastic lamina were manually identified. Intimal proliferation index (IPI) was defined as the ratio of intimal area to [intimal+medial] area relative luminal area (RLA) was defined as the ratio of luminal area to [luminal+intimal+medial] area.

The posterior cerebral artery supplies the occipital lobe and portions of the medial and inferior temporal lobe. The arterial supply of the spinal cord is derived from the vertebral arteries and the radicular arteries. The brain is supplied by the internal carotid arteries (the anterior circulation) and the vertebral arteries, which join at the pon tomedullary junction to form the basilar artery (collectively termed the posterior circulation). The brainstem is supplied by the posterior system. The medulla receives blood from branches of the vertebral arteries as well as from the spinal arteries and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). The pons is supplied by paramedian and short circumferential branches of the basilar artery. Two major long circumferential branches are the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) and the superior cerebellar artery. The midbrain receives its arterial supply primarily from the posterior cerebral artery as well as from the basilar artery. The venous drainage of the spinal cord drains directly to the systemic circulation. By contrast, veins draining the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem drain into the dural sinuses. Cerebrospinal fluid also drains into the dural sinuses through unidirectional valves termed arachnoid villi. 

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