Simmondsia

The Buxus alkaloids, as the nitrogenous compounds isolated from this family are commonly known, have been recorded from 33 species. The genus Simmondsia has been placed in a family of its own, Simmondsiaccac its seeds have been reported to give a positive alkaloid test but other than a cyanoglycoside, no alkaloid has been isolated. 

The jojoba plant (Simmondsia chinensis) produces wax esters rather than tri-acylglycerols in its seeds and it has become a significant crop for the cosmetic sector. Its wax consists mainly of long-chain fatty acids linked to long-chain fatty alcohols. 

Jojoba (Simmondsia chincnsis) This is not actually an oil but a liquid wax. It is good for cosmetic use with moisturizing properties and ideal for dry skin and conditions like eczema and psoriasis. It is similar chemically to sebum and able to dissolve it. The oil keeps well owing to a stable molecular structure and analysis shows both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, with eicosenoic (71%), oleic (14%), stearic (10%) and palmitic (1.5%). The presence of a compound called myristic acid is thought to confer anti-inflammatory properties. 

Jojoba oil was first produced as a possible substitute for the spermaceti oil or wax derived from sperm whales. Jojoba oil is pressed from the seeds of the jojoba tree (Simmondsia chinensis), which is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family. This oil is very stable and resistant to oxidation. Its uses are mostly cosmetic, in shampoos, lotions, and sun block lotions. It is also used as a lubricant, as a polish, and mixed with other oils and wax in water-resistant coatings and candles. 

Jojoba oil is derived from the seeds of the jojoba tree (Simmondsia chinen-sis), which is grown commercially in Mexico, Arizona, and Southern California. 

Waxes are common forms of high-energy storage, in the oils of fish and other marine animals. The major lipids of commercial whale oil consist of approximately 65 percent waxes and 35 percent TAG. The lipids of Australian orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) and dory fish oils are 97.1 and 90.9 percent wax esters, respectively.58 Essentially all the oil in jojoba (Simmondsia chiensis) seed is in wax form. Whale and jojoba oils have been valued for stability in cosmetics and heavy-duty lubrication applications. 

Simmondsia chinensis seed oil. Jojoba oil is another source of C20 and C22 compounds that has already been developed as a marketable product but in limited supply (195). It is produced by a drought-resistant plant that withstands desert heat. 

A histochemical investigation also established the presence of alkaloids in Pachysandra, Sarcococca, and Simmondsia (190). The alkaloids found in Sarcococca and Pachysandra are simple pregnane derivatives lacking the alkyl substitution at C-4 and C-14. The alkaloids isolated from Sarcococca pruniformis Lindley show close similarity in structure to alkaloids typical of pregnane-type alkaloids of Apocynaceae some of them were found in both families. 

Elliger Simmondsia califomica Simmondiaceae USA(jojoba) weight loss simmondsin (6) LD50>4g/kg... 

Verbiscar Simmondsia califomica Simmondiaceae USA(jojoba) replacement of sperm oil HPLC,Quantitative analysis ... 

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a shrub that is native to the Sonoran desert its seed contains 50% of a liquid wax ester. The linear wax ester has a main fatty acid frag-... 

Synonyms Alcohols, jojoba Jobacohol Definition Alcohol fraction obtained by saponification of jojoba oil Toxicoiogy LD (oral, mouse) > 50 ml/kg Uses Emollient in cosmetics Jojoba (Buxus chinensis) extract CAS 90045-98-0 EINECS/ELINCS 289-964-3 Synonyms Buxus chinensis Jojoba extract Simmondsia chinensis extract Definition Extract of the nuts of the jojoba, Buxus chinensis... 

Simmondsia chinensis extract. See Jojoba (Buxus chinensis) extract Simplesse 10(t, Simplesse 100 A, Simpiesse 500, Simplesse 550] Simplesse 710] Simplesse 720] Simplesse 730, Simplesse Grade A 500. See Whey protein Simulsol 7. See Steareth-20 Simulsol 52. See Ceteth-2 Simulsol 56. See Ceteth-10 Simulsol 58. See Ceteth-20 Simulsol 72. See Steareth-2 Simulsol 76. See Steareth-10 Simulsol 78. See Steareth-20 Simulsol 92. SeeOleth-2 Simulsol 96. See Oleth-10 Simulsol 98. See Oleth-20 Simulsol 220 TM. See PEG-200 glyceryl stearate... 

Wax esters from jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis, Simmonds-iaceae) consist of molecules with mostly C20 acid (monoene) esterified with about an equal mixture of C20 and C22 alcohols (monoene) (Yermanos, 1978 1981 Miwa, 1971). In studies of the biosynthesis of the fatty acids and alcohols in slices of fresh jojoba cotyledons, a radioactive label from glucose was incorporated into all carbons of both the C20 and C22 acids and alcohols. In contrast, exogenous acetate was used almost entirely for chain elongation from endoge-... 

For the last several years, there has been much interest in jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis, a plant native to the southwestern United States and Mexico, because of the presence of liquid wax esters in the seeds (Wisniak, 1988). Numerous schemes to convert desert land into orchards of these plants have been proposed. The oil is an excellent lubricant, has good emollient properties, and may replace sperm whale oil for many uses. As the fatty acid combination of Limnanthes douglasii (meadowfoam, Limnanthaceae) is quite similar to that of jojoba, the synthesis of a similar wax ester by hydrolysis and reduction followed by esterification has been proposed (Miwa and Wolff, 1962). 

Isol. from soya beans (Glycine max) and jojoba beans (Simmondsia chinensis) and also from Fagopyrum escidentum (buckwheat). Powder. 

Isol. from soya bean (Glycine max) seeds and jojoba meal (Simmondsia chinensis). Powder. Md +159. 

C16H25NO9 375.375 Constit. of Simmondsia californica and Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba). Appetite suppressant. Waxy solid. 

Larger amounts of wax esters occur in some vegetable oils, e. g., jojoba wax (seed oil from Simmondsia californica). It is possible to separate these easily from triglycerides, using TLC [86, 118]. 

A search (Princen, 1989) for new oilseed crops with more advantageous oil composition has led to the development of excellent candidates which are now commercially accepted. Among these are Crambe, Limanthes, Veronica, Sapium and Simmondsia. Other crops are at a much lower stage of development but also have excellent potential. These include Cuphea, Foeniculum, Stokesian, Lesquerella and Lunaria. An effective crop evolution usually takes more than a decade. 

Sato, A., Becker, C. and Knauf, V.C. (1992) Nucleotide sequence of a complementary DNA clone encoding stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase from Simmondsia chinensis. Plant Physiol. 99, 362-363. 

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