Siemen

Iron is converted into steel by the Bessemer, Siemens-Martin or electrical processes. Iron can be rendered passive by contact with con-... 

Siemens s process A method of steel manufacture by addition of scrap metal, iron oxides and ferromanganese to molten pig (cast) iron. 

Krestel, E., Imaging Systems for Medical Diagnostics. 1990, Berlin Siemens. 

V. Carl, E. Becker, A. Sperling - Siemens Power Generation Group, Germany. 

The large temperature difference of the remarkable borehole, opposite other boreholes and their environment is significant. This high temperature difference is a typical feature for a small wall thickness between borehole and blade surface. For technical reasons, precise eroding of the boreholes is difficult. Due to this, the remaining wallthickness between the boreholes and the blade surface has to be determined, in order to prevent an early failure, Siemens/Kwu developed a new method to determine the wallthickness with Impulse-Video-Thermography [5],... 

The unsharpness is generally measured with the duplex wire IQI (CERL B), strip pattern IQI-s (here we used a Siemens star) or adduced via the modulation transfer function (MTF). References [1,2,3] give the MTF s determined for the BAS2000, BAS2500 and BAS5000. 

Siemens W 1857 uber die eiektrostatische induction und die Verzugerung des Stromes in Fiaschendrahten Poggendorfs Ann. Phys. Chem. 102 66-122... 

Siduron [1982-49-6] Siegemte Siemens-Martin process Siemens process... 

Ferrites aHowing for operation at frequencies well above 1 MH2 have also become available, eg, 3F4 and 4F1 (Table 6). Other newer industrial power ferrites are the Siemens-Matsushita N-series (28,97) the TDK PC-series (28,100), and the Thomson B-series (28,103). While moving to higher frequencies, the ferrites have been optimized for different loss contributions, eg, hysteresis losses, eddy current losses, and resonance losses. Loss levels are specified at 100°C because ambient temperature in power appHcations is about 60°C plus an increase caused by internal heat dissipation of about 40°C. 

Siemens AG has been involved in R D on PFFCs, and Vickers Shipbuilding Engineering Ltd. (United Kingdom) is evaluating PFFCs from Ballard Power Systems for power generation. A 35-ceU stack was successfully tested for more than 300 h. Plans are under way to test a 20-kW PEFC. 

The first gas producer making low heat-value gas was built in 1832. (The product was a combustible carbon monoxide—hydrogen mixture containing ca 50 vol % nitrogen). The open-hearth or Siemens-Martin process, built in 1861 for pig iron refining, increased low heat-value gas use (see Iron). The use of producer gas as a fuel for heating furnaces continued to increase until the turn of the century when natural gas began to supplant manufactured fuel gas (see Furnaces, fuel-fired). 

PV systems consist of arrays of cells that ate interconnected in panels or modules to increase total power output. Often the systems include sun-tracking equipment, as well as power-conditioning equipment to convert dc to ac. The systems can range in size from a simple one-panel, fixed-orientation unit to a vast field of modules that accurately track the movement of the sun. Electric utiUties in Europe, Japan, and the United States have hosted several experimental PV power plants. The largest to date was a 5.5-MW plant at Carrisa Plains, California, built by Siemens Solar Industries (formerly ARCO Solar). 

The purification method that has become a near-standard is the Siemens process, where hydrogen reduces SiCl or SiHCl on the surface of a resistance-heated (to about 1150°C) high purity siUcon rod. The rod is usually U-shaped to reduce the height of the furnace. The result is a siUcon ingot several cm in diameter and >2 m long. It is tempting to write the siUcon tetrachloride—hydrogen reaction as... 

The thermal decomposition of silanes in the presence of hydrogen into siUcon for production of ultrapure, semiconductor-grade siUcon has become an important art, known as the Siemens process (13). A variety of process parameters, which usually include the introduction of hydrogen, have been studied. Silane can be used to deposit siUcon at temperatures below 1000°C (14). Dichlorosilane deposits siUcon at 1000—1150°C (15,16). Ttichlorosilane has been reported as a source for siUcon deposition at >1150° C (17). Tribromosilane is ordinarily a source for siUcon deposition at 600—800°C (18). Thin-film deposition of siUcon metal from silane and disilane takes place at temperatures as low as 640°C, but results in amorphous hydrogenated siUcon (19). 

Electric-Arc Furnace. The electric-arc furnace is by far the most popular electric steelmaking furnace. The carbon arc was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1800, but it had no practical appHcation in steelmaking until Sir William Siemens of open-hearth fame constmcted, operated, and patented furnaces operating on both direct- and indirect-arc principles in 1878. At that early date, the avadabiHty of electric power was limited and very expensive. Furthermore, carbon electrodes of the quaHty to carry sufficient current for steel melting had not been developed (see Furnaces, electric). 

---