Catheter material

PN can be administered via a smaller peripheral vein (e.g., cephalic or basilic vein) or via a larger central vein (e.g., superior vena cava). Peripheral PN (PPN) is infused via a peripheral vein and generally is reserved for short-term administration (up to 7 days) when central venous access is not available. PN formulations are hypertonic, and infusion via a peripheral vein can cause thrombophlebitis. Factors that increase the risk of phlebitis include high solution osmolarity, extreme pH, rapid infusion rate, vein properties, catheter material, and infusion time via the same vein.20 The osmolarity of PPN admixtures should be limited to 900 mOsm/L or less to minimize the risk of phlebitis. The approximate osmolarity of a PN admixture can be calculated from the osmolarities of individual components ... 

In a systematic review of randomized studies of the use of different catheter materials for umbihcal catheterization in newborn infants of any birth weight or gestation, there were no significant differences between heparin-bonded polyurethane catheters and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) catheters (9). 

Barrington KJ. Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn effects of catheter materials (Cochrane Review). In The Cochrane Library. 1st ed. Oxford Update Software, 1999. 

The frequency of replacement of catheters and administration sets depends on the local environmental conditions and the catheter material. Catheters made from polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) are associated with an increased incidence of thrombophlebitis and have a tendency to crack... 

Cut polyethylene catheter material PE 50 into 6-mm long segments and fit onto a fiexible metal wire. 

Bacterial biofilm is grown on the catheter material as described above in Subheading 3.4. 

Triolo, P. M., and Andrade, J. D., Surface modification and evaluation of some commonly used catheter materials, I. Surface properties, /. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1983 17(1) 129-147. 

Uyama, Y., Tadokoro, H., Dcada, Y. Low-frictional catheter materials by photo-indnced graft polymerization. Biomaterials 12, 71-75 (1991). doi 10.1016/0142-9612(91)90135-W... 

Uyama Y, Tadokoro H, Ikada Y. Low-frictional catheter materials by photoinduced graft-polymerization. Biomaterials 1991 23. 

Lopez-Lopez G, Pascual A, Perea EJ. Effect of plastic catheter material on bacterial adherence and viabUity. J Med Microbiol 1991 34 349-53. http //dx.doi.org/10.1099/... 

Catheter material can play an important role in the prevention of catheter-related infections (CR-Is). Indeed, more infectious complications have been associated with the use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polyethylene catheters compared to catheters made of Teflon or polyurethane (PU). 

Other authors reported no microbicidal effect of silver. The survival of three bacterial species and C. albicans on a silver-impregnated polymer was not found to be influenced by the silver incorporation (Kampf et al., 1998). Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, Cook et al. (2000) observed that a silver-coated prosthetic heart valve sewing cuff was colonized by a higher number of bacteria S. epidermidis) than an uncoated cuff. McLean et al. (1993) reported that only a combination of silver and copper in multilayer surface films on catheter materials provided enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to uncoated or only silver-coated surfaces. 

McLean, R. J. C., Hussain, A. A., Sayer, M., Vincent, P. J., Hughes, D. J. and Smith, T. J. N., 1993. Antibacterial activity of multilayer silver-copper surface films on catheter material. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 39, 895-899. 

Usually Poly (virtyl chloride) (PVC), Poly (Ether Block Amide) (PEBA), Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE), fluoro-polymers, nylons, etc. are nsed as catheter materials. Barium sulfate, bismuth compounds, temgsten contributes upto 90% of used radiopaque additives [1,2]. 

---