Limit, short term administrative

PN can be administered via a smaller peripheral vein (e.g., cephalic or basilic vein) or via a larger central vein (e.g., superior vena cava). Peripheral PN (PPN) is infused via a peripheral vein and generally is reserved for short-term administration (up to 7 days) when central venous access is not available. PN formulations are hypertonic, and infusion via a peripheral vein can cause thrombophlebitis. Factors that increase the risk of phlebitis include high solution osmolarity, extreme pH, rapid infusion rate, vein properties, catheter material, and infusion time via the same vein.20 The osmolarity of PPN admixtures should be limited to 900 mOsm/L or less to minimize the risk of phlebitis. The approximate osmolarity of a PN admixture can be calculated from the osmolarities of individual components ... 

Safe Exposure Levels. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has adopted workplace exposure limits designed to keep airborne concentrations weU below the levels known to cause health problems (35) including ( ) daUy time-weighted average (TWA) exposure over an eight-hour day is not to exceed beryUium concentrations of 2 lg/m of air and (2) short-term exposure should not exceed beryUium concentrations of 25... 

Cluster headache responds to many of the same treatment modalities used in acute migraine however, initial prophylactic therapy is required to limit the frequency of recurrent headaches within a periodic series. A novel therapy specific to cluster headaches is the administration of high-flow-rate oxygen 100% at 5 to 10 L/minute by non-rebreather facemask for approximately 15 minutes.42 If pain is not aborted, then retreatment is indicated. No side effects are seen with short-term oxygen use. If oxygen therapy is not wholly effective, then pharmaceuticals... 

EPA = Environmental Protection Agency NIOSH = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health OPPT = Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSW = Office of Solid Waste STEL = Short Term Exposure Limit TWA = Time-Weighted Average USCG = U.S. Coast Guard... 

No studies have been conducted with silver and avian or mammalian wildlife, and it is unreasonable to extrapolate the results of limited testing with domestic poultry and livestock to wildlife to establish criteria or administratively enforced standards. Research on silver and avian and terrestrial wildlife merits the highest priority in this subject area. No silver criteria are available for the protection of avian and mammalian health, and all criteria now proposed are predicated on human health (Table 7.8). As judged by the results of controlled studies with poultry and small laboratory mammals, safe concentrations of silver ion were less than 250 pg/L in drinking water of mammals, less than 100 mg/L in drinking water of poultry, less than 6 mg/kg in diets of mammals, less than 10 mg/kg in copper-deficient diets of poultry, less than 200 mg/kg in copper-adequate diets of poultry, and less than 1.8 mg/kg in chicken eggs. The proposed short-term (10-day) allowable limit of 1142 pg Ag/L in drinking water for human health protection (Table 7.8) should... 

NPDES = National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NTP = National Toxicology Program OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health Administration OW = Office of Water PCB = Polychlorinated Biphenyl RfD = Reference Dose STEL = Short-term Exposure Limit TLV = Threshold Limit Value TSCA = Toxic Substances Control Act TWA = Time Weighted Average WHO = World Health Organization... 

The TLV is not a single entity. The ACGIH defines three categories of TLV, namely, the time-weighted average (TLV-TWA), the short-term exposure limit (TLV-STEL), and the ceiling. Because these are proprietary terms, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has adopted different terminology for essentially the same concepts, as follows ... 

Short-term use of glucocorticoids, even in massive dosages, is less likely to produce harmful reactions. They can, however, produce a variety of effects that are neither limited to high doses nor to long-term therapy. When a low dose of steroids (prednisone) was given for several months to a 38-year-old man to treat eczema of his hands and feet, he developed bilateral avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femur. He therefore had total bilateral hip replacement, and several experts have attributed his AVN to the steroid administration. The man sued his allergist, who settled the lawsuit shortly before trial for approximately 400,000. Most practitioners, however, are unaware of the risk of short-term or low-dose steroids. Yet many of these cases can be found in the courts, the literature, and the MedWatch databases. 

The Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) has limited workers exposure to 1,2-dibromoethane in air to an average of 20 ppm for an 8-hour workday. According to OSHA, short-term exposure of 15 minutes to 1,2-dibromoethane should not be more than 0.5 ppm. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set an average limit for 1,2-dibromoethane of 0.045 ppm in workroom air during an 8-hour day. According to NIOSH, short-term exposure of 15 minutes to 1,2-dibromoethane should not be more than 0.13 ppm. 

Concerning occupational exposure, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration [55] sets a maximum average of 5 mg of DEHP per cubic meter of air (5 mg/m ) in the workplace during an 8 hour shift. The short-term (15 minutes) exposure limit is 10 mg/m. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [56] and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists [57] recommended a maximum concentration of 5 mg/m of DEHP in workplace air for an 8 to 10 hour workday, 40 hour workweek. 

For short-term chnical interventions with the aim of protecting the kidney during acute reperfusion or preventing allograft rejection after transplantation, the prerequisite of parenteral administration does not constitute a serious limitation. 

OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health Administration PEL = permissible exposure limit ppm = parts per million REL = recommended exposure limit RfC = inhalation reference concentration RfD = oral reference dose STEL = short-term exposure limit TLV = threshold limit value TWA = time-weighted average... 

Most short-term applications of EPO are non-renal related, and generally display very few side-effects i.v. administration can sometimes prompt a transient flu-like syndrome, while s.c. administration can render the site of injection painful. This latter effect appears, however, to be due to excipients present in the EOP preparations, most notably the citrate buffer. EPO administration can also cause bone pain, although this rarely limits its clinical use. 

While short-term, high-level gene expression may be appropriate for some gene therapy applications, it would be of less use for the treatment of, for example, genetic diseases, where long-term gene expression would be required. This could be achieved in theory by repeat administration of the adenoviral vector. However, adenoviruses prompt a strong immune response, which limits the efficacy of repeat administration. 

Both zolpidem and zaleplon are available in 5- and 10-mg tablets for oral administration. The maximum recommended dose for adults is 10 mg/day and 20 mg/day, respectively, administered at night. The initial dose for elderly persons should not exceed 5 mg. Caution is advised in patients with hepatic dysfunction. In general, hypnotics should be limited to short-term use, with reevaluation for more extended therapy (see below under Treatment of Specific Conditions ). 

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