Short fibers synthetic fiber

Figure 22. Scanning electron micrograph of a short-napped synthetic fiber cloth.

Colloidal SiOa 0.05 pm Chemically resistant short-napped, synthetic fiber cloth Suspension 18 150 6... 

AH synthetic fibers are produced as continuous filaments, either as yams or tows. Yams are fine enough to be woven or knitted direcdy, but caimot be intimately blended with other fibers on the principal conversion systems used for cotton or wool. For these processes, staple fibers, made by cutting the much larger tows into short lengths, are needed. Tows can also be stretch broken into sHvers or tops, which can then be drawn out and twisted into spun-yams. 

Dry-Laid Pulp. A principal objective of using air to form webs from natural and synthetic fiber pulps is to produce relatively lofty, porous stmctures from short fibers, without using water. Early technical developments in air-laid pulp processing were made by Kroyer in Denmark. 

Naturally occurring fibers such as cotton, cellulose, etc., have short whiskers protruding from the surface, which help to give a physical bond when mixed with rubber. Glass, nylon, polyester, and rayon have smooth surfaces and adhesion of these fibers to the rubber matrix is comparatively poor. In addition, these synthetic fibers have chemically unreactive surfaces, which must be treated to enable a bond to form with the mbber. In general, the fibers are dipped in adhesives in the latex form and this technology is the most common one used for continuous fibers. The adhesion between elastomers and fibers was discussed by Kubo [128]. Hisaki et al. [129] and Kubo [130] proposed a... 

The first fibers used by humans were probably those that occur naturally as tissues or excretions of either vegetables or animals (see Table 87). At much later times, after metals had been discovered, humans also learned to manufacture - from some of the ductile metals, mainly gold, silver, and their alloys - thin filaments (not fibers, however), which have since been used to decorate textile fabrics. It was only during the twentieth century, after synthetic plastics were discovered, that it became possible to make artificial human made fibers. The great majority of the natural fibers, such as cotton and wool, occur as staple fibers, short fibers whose length is measured in centimeters. Silk is different from all other natural fibers in that it occurs as extremely long and continuous filaments several hundred meters long. 

Wallace Carothers and coworkers at DuPont synthesized aliphatic polyesters in the 1930s [Furukawa, 1998 Hounshell and Smith, 1988]. These had melting points below 100°C, which made them unsuitable for firber use. Carothers then turned successfully to polyamides, based on the theoretical consideration that amides melt higher than esters. Polyamides were the first synthetic fibers to be produced commercially. The polyester and polyamide research at DuPont had a major impact on all of polymer science. Carothers laid the foundation for much of our understanding of how to synthesize polymeric materials. Out of that work came other discoveries in the late 1930s, including neoprene, an elastomer produced from chloro-prene, and Teflon, produced from tetrafluoroethylene. The initial commercial application for nylon 6/6 was women s hosiery, but this was short-lived with the intrusion of World War II. The entire nylon 6/6 production was allocated to the war effort in applications for parachutes, tire cord, sewing thread, and rope. The civilian applications for nylon products burst forth and expanded rapidly after the war. 

CNC Soft G-1 is a subtstantive cationic softener which imparts a soft, slick hand to synthetic fibers, but particularly for acrylics such as orIon, acrilan, etc. CNC SOFT G-1 can be applied from long or short baths in such equipment as becks, paddle and package machines. CNC SOFT G-1 is cold water soluble and can be added directly to the finish bath. 

In 1944, both Natural a Synthetic Fibers 209) and Textile Technology Digest 214) were started. The former, edited by Harris and Mark, is a loose-leaf literature and patent service with full abstracts of selected articles. The latter, compiled by the Institute of Textile Technology, has relatively short abstracts and covers leading textile journals. 

To be of any praetieal use, an object made from a polymeric material must be able to retain its shape when subjected to even small tensions or compressions over long pmods of time. This dimensional stabiUty is an important consideration in choosing a polymer for use in the manufacture of an item. No one wants a plastic telephone reedver that sags after sitting in its cradle for several weeks, or a car tire that develops a flat spot if parked in one position for too long, or clothes made from synthetic fibers that become baggy and deformed after short periods of wear. Creep tests provide a measure of this tendency to deform and are relatively easy to carry out. 

Fiber, rayon The generic term for fibers, staples, and continuous filament yarns composed of regenerated cellulose but also frequently used to describe fibers obtained from cellulose acetate or cellulose triacetate. Rayon fibers are similar in chemical structure to natural cellulose fibers (cotton) except that the synthetic fiber contains short plastic units. Most rayon is made using the viscose process. 

Eulaliopsis binata fiber-reinforced polymer composites are more eco-friendly and cost effective compared to the traditional synthetic fiber-reinforced composites. The aim of the present work was to study the reinforcing potential of the Euiaiiopsis binata fibers in the short fiber form. The mechanical performance of these Euiaiiopsis binata fiber polymer composites was found to be higher than that of the pure polymer. However challenges still exist In further improving the mechanical properties of these composites to make them competitive to their synthetic counterparts. 

Whereas natural fibers, mainly in the form of short fibers and fabric chips, have foimd application above all in the curable phenoplast and aminoplast molding compounds, it was more than anything else the development of the polyesters and epoxy resins that made it necessary to develop new kinds of reinforcing fibers to optimize the properties of these products as well. Modem, high-strength, synthetic organic fibers are the results of these efforts [112]. 

Recent basic research has turned up new approaches for innovative materials combining elements of, and integrating the advantages of, wood and synthetic plastics. Lignin is one of the main components of this new class of plastic-like, wood-like biocomposites. The resulting mixture of lignin, natural fibers, and additives is a compound processable as a thermoplastic. The processed materials are short fiber composites. Arboform is a trade name for this class of compounds. 

---