Polymeric materials synthesizing

Polymeric material synthesized from more than a single monomer. 

D.W. Urry, D.T. McPherson, J. Xu, H. Daniell, C. Guda, D.C. Gowda, N. Jing,T.M. Parker, Protein-based Polymeric Materials Syntheses and Properties. In The Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia Synthesis, Properties and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 7263-7279,1996. 

The first commercially successful polymeric material synthesized entirely from inexpensive small molecules was Bakelite. The story of the discovery, development and understanding of Bakelite is a fascinating combination of pure... 

The synthesis of new polymeric materials having complex properties has recently become of great practical importance to polymer chemistry and technology. The synthesis of new materials can be prepared by either their monomers or modification of used polymers in industry. Today, polystyrene (PS), which is widely used in industrial applications as polyolefins and polyvinylchlorides, is also used for the production of plastic materials, which are used instead of metals in technology. For this reason, it is important to synthesize different PS plastic materials. Among the modification of PS, two methods can be considered, viz. physical and chemical modifications. These methods are extensively used to increase physico-mechanical properties, such as resistance to strike, air, or temperature for the synthesizing of new PS plastic materials. 

The incorporation of thermally labile azo groups into polymer backbones was first reported in the early 1950s [2]. Since then, numerous techniques for synthesizing azo-containing polymers have been developed. The effort to create new azo-containing polymeric materials has been reviewed by several authors [3-8]. 

A wide variety of high-performance polymeric materials have been synthesized by incorporating thermally stable moieties such as sulfone, ketone, or aryl or alkyl phosphine oxide in addition to the ether linkage in poly(arylene ether)s. 

The unique power of synthesis is the ability to create new molecules and materials with valuable properties. This capacity can be used to interact with the natural world, as in the treatment of disease or the production of food, but it can also produce compounds and materials beyond the capacity of living systems. Our present world uses vast amounts of synthetic polymers, mainly derived from petroleum by synthesis. The development of nanotechnology, which envisions the application of properties at the molecular level to catalysis, energy transfer, and information management has focused attention on multimolecular arrays and systems capable of self-assembly. We can expect that in the future synthesis will bring into existence new substances with unique properties that will have impacts as profound as those resulting from syntheses of therapeutics and polymeric materials. 

In a research program to explore the possibilities of synthesizing useful polymeric materials from silazane (Si-N) containing ring compounds, reactions of the following ring systems were studied ... 

Among the different chemical reactions usable to synthesize polymeric materials by step polymerisation are esterification, amidation, nucleophilic aromatic substitution and urethane (carbamate) formation. Polymerisation... 

By means of genetic engineering, including cloning and site-directed mutagenesis, it has become possible for modern synthetic chemists to utilize a sufficient amount of isolated enzyme catalysts and to modify the reactivity, stability, or even specificity of enzymes. Therefore, polymerizations catalyzed by isolated enzyme are expected to create a new area of precision polymer syntheses. Furthermore, enzymatic polymerizations have great potential as an environmentally friendly synthetic process of polymeric materials. 

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